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Predator attack patterns influence vigilance in a virtual experiment
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-31 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02833-0
Guy Beauchamp

Abstract The frequency and unpredictability of predator attacks can substantially influence vigilance patterns in prey animals. However, the lack of control over predator behavior hampers our understanding of the effect of predator attack patterns on vigilance. To circumvent this limitation, I developed a virtual experiment in which the behavior of the (virtual) predator was under full control of the experimenter. In the virtual experiment, I altered the frequency and unpredictability of attacks to document how human subjects ( N = 45), which acted as surrogate prey, altered their vigilance in response to changes in predator attack patterns. Subjects increased the frequency of their vigilance bouts when the virtual predator attacked more frequently and increased vigilance bout duration when the predator attacked more unpredictably, thus showing an increase in vigilance when predation risk increased. Other features of vigilance in the virtual environment also fitted predictions from current theories of vigilance. In particular, subjects overemphasized safety in the early stages of the experiment when learning about predator attack patterns. Strong individual differences in both the frequency and duration of vigilance bouts also emerged in the virtual environment. Such individual differences feature prominently in the vigilance literature in birds and mammals. The virtual environment thus provides a unique tool to assess vigilance patterns in a controlled environment. Significance statement Predator attacks can vary substantially in frequency and unpredictability. Patterns of predator attacks are likely to influence vigilance patterns in prey animals. However, the lack of control over predator behavior hampers our understanding of the effect of predator attack patterns on vigilance. To circumvent this limitation, I developed a virtual experiment in which the predator was under full control of the experimenter. I altered the frequency and unpredictability of attacks to document how human subjects, which acted as surrogate prey, altered their vigilance in response to changes in predator attack patterns. The results show that subjects changed the frequency and duration of vigilance bouts in response to changes in predator attack patterns. The virtual experiment provides a unique tool to assess vigilance patterns in a controlled environment.

中文翻译:

捕食者攻击模式影响虚拟实验中的警惕性

摘要 捕食者攻击的频率和不可预测性会极大地影响猎物的警戒模式。然而,对捕食者行为缺乏控制阻碍了我们对捕食者攻击模式对警惕性的影响的理解。为了规避这个限制,我开发了一个虚拟实验,其中(虚拟)捕食者的行为完全由实验者控制。在虚拟实验中,我改变了攻击的频率和不可预测性,以记录充当替代猎物的人类受试者 (N = 45) 如何改变他们的警惕性以响应捕食者攻击模式的变化。当虚拟捕食者的攻击更频繁时,受试者会增加他们的警惕发作频率,而当捕食者的攻击更不可预测时,他们会增加警惕发作的持续时间,因此,当捕食风险增加时,警惕性增加。虚拟环境中警戒的其他特征也符合当前警戒理论的预测。特别是,在了解捕食者攻击模式时,受试者在实验的早期阶段过分强调安全。虚拟环境中也出现了警戒发作频率和持续时间的强烈个体差异。这种个体差异在鸟类和哺乳动物的警戒文献中占有突出地位。因此,虚拟环境提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。重要性声明 Predator 攻击的频率和不可预测性可能会有很大差异。捕食者攻击的模式可能会影响猎物的警戒模式。然而,对捕食者行为缺乏控制阻碍了我们对捕食者攻击模式对警惕性的影响的理解。为了规避这个限制,我开发了一个虚拟实验,其中捕食者完全处于实验者的控制之下。我改变了攻击的频率和不可预测性,以记录充当替代猎物的人类受试者如何改变他们的警惕性以应对捕食者攻击模式的变化。结果表明,受试者会随着捕食者攻击模式的变化而改变警惕性发作的频率和持续时间。虚拟实验提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。我开发了一个虚拟实验,其中捕食者完全处于实验者的控制之下。我改变了攻击的频率和不可预测性,以记录充当替代猎物的人类受试者如何改变他们的警惕性以应对捕食者攻击模式的变化。结果表明,受试者会随着捕食者攻击模式的变化而改变警惕性发作的频率和持续时间。虚拟实验提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。我开发了一个虚拟实验,其中捕食者完全处于实验者的控制之下。我改变了攻击的频率和不可预测性,以记录充当替代猎物的人类受试者如何改变他们的警惕性以应对捕食者攻击模式的变化。结果表明,受试者会随着捕食者攻击模式的变化而改变警惕性发作的频率和持续时间。虚拟实验提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。结果表明,受试者会随着捕食者攻击模式的变化而改变警惕性发作的频率和持续时间。虚拟实验提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。结果表明,受试者会随着捕食者攻击模式的变化而改变警惕性发作的频率和持续时间。虚拟实验提供了一种独特的工具来评估受控环境中的警戒模式。
更新日期:2020-03-31
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