The innate immune system responds in a rapid and non‐specific manner against immunologic threats; inflammation is part of this response. This is followed by a slower but targeted and specific response termed the adaptive or acquired immune response. There is emerging evidence that dietary components, including yeast‐derived β‐glucans, can aid host defense against pathogens by modulating inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immune training refers to a newly recognized phenomenon wherein compounds may “train” innate immune cells, such that monocyte and macrophage precursor biology is altered to mount a more effective immunological response. Although various human studies have been carried out, much uncertainty still exists and further studies are required to fully elucidate the relationship between β‐glucan supplementation and human immune function. This review offers an up‐to‐date report on yeast‐derived β‐glucans as immunomodulators, including a brief overview of the current paradigm regarding the interaction of β‐glucans with the immune system. The recent pre‐clinical work that has partly decrypted mode of action and the newest evidence from human trials are also reviewed. According to pre‐clinical studies, β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan derived from baker's yeast may offer increased immuno‐surveillance, although the human evidence is weaker than that gained from pre‐clinical studies.

中文翻译：

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β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖和免疫：最新技术和未来方向。

先天免疫系统以快速且非特异性的方式应对免疫威胁；炎症是这种反应的一部分。随后是较慢但有针对性和特异性的反应，称为适应性或获得性免疫反应。越来越多的证据表明，包括酵母来源的 β-葡聚糖在内的膳食成分可以通过调节中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的炎症和抗菌活性来帮助宿主防御病原体。先天免疫训练是指一种新发现的现象，其中化合物可以“训练”先天免疫细胞，从而改变单核细胞和巨噬细胞前体生物学以产生更有效的免疫反应。尽管已经进行了各种人体研究，仍然存在许多不确定性，需要进一步研究以充分阐明补充 β-葡聚糖与人体免疫功能之间的关系。这篇综述提供了一份关于酵母来源的 β-葡聚糖作为免疫调节剂的最新报告，包括对当前β-葡聚糖与免疫系统相互作用范式的简要概述。还审查了部分解密了作用方式的近期临床前工作和人体试验的最新证据。根据临床前研究，来自面包酵母的 β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可能会提供增强的免疫监视，尽管人类证据比临床前研究中获得的证据要弱。包括对当前关于 β-葡聚糖与免疫系统相互作用的范式的简要概述。还审查了部分解密了作用方式的近期临床前工作和人体试验的最新证据。根据临床前研究，来自面包酵母的 β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可能会提供增强的免疫监视，尽管人类证据比临床前研究中获得的证据要弱。包括关于 β-葡聚糖与免疫系统相互作用的当前范式的简要概述。还审查了部分解密了作用方式的近期临床前工作和人体试验的最新证据。根据临床前研究，来自面包酵母的 β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可能会提供增强的免疫监视，尽管人类证据比临床前研究中获得的证据要弱。