Microplastic particles have been observed in the environment and routinely detected in the stomachs and intestines of aquatic organisms over the last 50 yr. In the present review, information on the ingestion of plastic debris of varying sizes is collated, including data for >800 species representing approximately 87 000 individual organisms, for which plastic debris and microplastic particles have been observed in approximately 17 500, or 20%. The average reported number of microplastic particles/individual across all studies is estimated to be 4, with studies typically reporting averages ranging from 0 to 10 particles/individual. A general observation is that although strong evidence exists for the biological ingestion of microplastic particles, they do not bioaccumulate and do not appear to be subject to biomagnification as a result of trophic transfer through food webs, with >99% of observations from field-based studies reporting that microplastic particles are located within the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, there is substantial heterogeneity in how samples are collected, processed, analyzed, and reported, causing significant challenges in attempting to assess temporal and spatial trends or helping to inform a mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that the characteristics of microplastic particles ingested by organisms are generally representative of plastic debris in the vicinity where individuals are collected. Monitoring of spatial and temporal trends of ingested microplastic particles could thus potentially be useful in assessing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the emission of plastic and microplastic particles to the environment. The development and application of standardized analytical methods are urgently needed to better understand spatial and temporal trends. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1119-1137. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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增进对微颗粒的摄入和营养转移的理解：关键的回顾和对未来研究的启示。

在过去的50年中，已在环境中观察到微颗粒，并在水生生物的胃和肠中常规检测到微颗粒。在本综述中，整理了有关摄入各种尺寸塑料碎片的信息，包括代表约87 000种生物的800多种物种的数据，其中约有17 500或20％观察到塑料碎片和微塑料颗粒。在所有研究中，平均报告的微塑料颗粒/个体的数量估计为4，研究通常报告的平均范围为0到10个颗粒/个体。普遍观察到，尽管有强有力的证据表明生物摄入了微塑料颗粒，它们不会通过食物网进行营养转移而不会生物蓄积，也似乎不会受到生物放大作用，基于田间研究的观察结果中有> 99％报告说微颗粒位于胃肠道内。总体而言，样本的收集，处理，分析和报告方式存在很大的异质性，这在尝试评估时间和空间趋势或帮助提供机械理解方面造成了重大挑战。然而，一些研究表明，生物体摄入的微塑料颗粒的特征通常代表了收集个体附近的塑料碎片。因此，监测摄入的塑料微粒的时空趋势可能有助于评估旨在减少塑料和塑料微粒向环境的排放的缓解措施。迫切需要标准化分析方法的开发和应用，以更好地理解时空趋势。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：1119-1137。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals LLC代表SETAC发布的《环境毒理学和化学》。