Tailoring personalized cancer nanomedicines demands detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, smart upconversion nanoparticles with the ability to exploit the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment for precise targeting have been designed. To activate upconversion nanoparticles, various bio‐physicochemical characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, namely, acidic pH, redox reactants, and hypoxia, are exploited. Stimuli‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles also utilize the excessive presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), riboflavin, and Zn²⁺ in tumors. An overview of the design of stimulus‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles that precisely target and respond to tumors via targeting the tumor microenvironment and intracellular signals is provided. Detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the personalized design of upconversion nanoparticles will result in more effective clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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设计利用肿瘤微环境的刺激响应性上转换纳米颗粒。

量身定制个性化的癌症纳米药物需要对肿瘤微环境的详细了解。近年来，已经设计了能够利用肿瘤微环境独特特征进行精确靶向的智能上转换纳米颗粒。为了激活上转换纳米颗粒，利用了肿瘤微环境的各种生物物理化学特征，即酸性pH，氧化还原反应物和低氧。刺激响应的上转换纳米颗粒还利用了过量的三磷酸腺苷（ATP），核黄素和Zn ²⁺在肿瘤中。提供了通过靶向肿瘤微环境和细胞内信号精确靶向并响应肿瘤的刺激响应上转换纳米颗粒设计的概述。对肿瘤微环境和上转换纳米粒子的个性化设计的详细了解将导致更有效的临床翻译。