Research over the last fifty years has suggested that political attitudes and values around the globe are shaped by two ideological dimensions, often referred to as economic and social conservatism. However, it remains unclear why this ideological structure exists. Here we highlight the striking concordance between these dual dimensions of ideology and independent convergent evidence for two key shifts in the evolution of human group living. First, humans began to cooperate more and across wider interdependent networks. Second, humans became more group-minded, conforming to social norms in culturally marked groups and punishing norm-violators. We propose that fitness trade-offs and behavioural plasticity have maintained functional variation in willingness to cooperate and conform within modern human groups, naturally giving rise to the two dimensions of political ideology. Supported by evidence from across the behavioural sciences, this evolutionary framework provides insight into the biological and cultural basis of political ideology.

中文翻译：

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政治意识形态的双重进化基础。

过去五十年的研究表明，全球的政治态度和价值观是由两个意识形态维度所塑造的，通常被称为经济和社会保守主义。但是，尚不清楚为什么存在这种意识形态结构。在这里，我们强调了意识形态的这些双重维度与独立的融合证据之间惊人的一致性，这是人类群体生活演变的两个关键转变。首先，人类开始在更多相互依存的网络上开展更多的合作。第二，人类变得更加有集体意识，在具有文化标志的群体中遵守社会规范并惩罚违反规范的人。我们认为，在现代人类群体中，健身的权衡和行为可塑性保持了在合作和顺应性方面的功能差异，自然产生了政治意识形态的两个维度。在各种行为科学的证据支持下，这种进化框架提供了对政治意识形态生物学和文化基础的洞察力。