Groundwater is the most used water resource around the world, but due to population growth and climate change the alluvial lowland aquifers are often polluted and over-exploited. Thus, more and more frequently water managers need to shift their attention to mountain regions to identify groundwater resources for drinking purposes. This study presents a monitoring and modelling approach that allowed to quantify the inflow from the “Montagna dei Fiori” fractured aquifer to the Castellano stream. Continuous monitoring of flow discharge and temperature during an entire hydrological year (2018–2019) at two monitoring stations along the stream allowed to discriminate between the baseflow (on average, 0.891 m3/s) and the run-off (on average, 0.148 m3/s) components. A hydrogeological basin-wide numerical flow model (using MODFLOW-2005) was set up using information from hydrogeological and geomechanical surveys. The model was calibrated using the daily baseflow observations made in the Castellano stream (R2 = 0.75). The calibrated model allowed to quantify groundwater/surface water interactions. After an automated sensitivity analysis (using MODFLOW-2000), the recharge was found to be the most uncertain parameter, followed by the hydraulic conductivity zonation. This methodology could be applied in other mountain regions where groundwater monitoring networks are usually lacking to improve water resources management.

中文翻译：

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监测和模拟 Montagna dei Fiori 含水层和 Castellano 溪流（意大利中部亚平宁山脉）之间的相互作用

地下水是世界上使用最多的水资源，但由于人口增长和气候变化，冲积低地含水层经常受到污染和过度开发。因此，越来越多的水资源管理者需要将注意力转移到山区，以确定用于饮用的地下水资源。本研究提出了一种监测和建模方法，可以量化从“Montagna dei Fiori”裂缝含水层到 Castellano 溪流的流入量。在沿流的两个监测站对整个水文年（2018-2019）的流量和温度进行连续监测，可以区分基流（平均 0.891 m3/s）和径流（平均 0.148 m3/s） /s) 组件。水文地质流域范围的数值流模型（使用 MODFLOW-2005）是利用水文地质和地质力学调查的信息建立的。该模型使用在 Castellano 溪流中进行的每日基流观测 (R2 = 0.75) 进行校准。校准模型允许量化地下水/地表水的相互作用。经过自动敏感性分析（使用 MODFLOW-2000），发现补给是最不确定的参数，其次是水力传导率分区。这种方法可以应用于通常缺乏地下水监测网络以改善水资源管理的其他山区。校准模型允许量化地下水/地表水的相互作用。经过自动敏感性分析（使用 MODFLOW-2000），发现补给是最不确定的参数，其次是水力传导率分区。这种方法可以应用于通常缺乏地下水监测网络以改善水资源管理的其他山区。校准模型允许量化地下水/地表水的相互作用。经过自动敏感性分析（使用 MODFLOW-2000），发现补给是最不确定的参数，其次是水力传导率分区。这种方法可以应用于通常缺乏地下水监测网络以改善水资源管理的其他山区。