TNF-alpha is involved in many physiologic and pathologic cellular pathways, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, and death, regulation of immunologic reactions to different cells and molecules, local and vascular invasion of neoplasms, and destruction of tumor vasculature. It is obvious that because of integrated functions of TNF-alpha inside different physiologic systems, it cannot be used as a single-agent therapy for neoplasms; however, long-term investigation of its different cellular pathways has led to recognition of a variety of subsequent molecules with more specific interactions, and therefore, might be suitable as prognostic and therapeutic factors for neoplasms. Here, we will review different aspects of the TNF-alpha as a cytokine involved in both physiologic functions of cells and pathologic abnormalities, most importantly, cancers.

中文翻译：

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TNF-α 的重要性及其在癌症发展中的改变

TNF-α 参与许多生理和病理细胞途径，包括细胞增殖、分化和死亡、对不同细胞和分子的免疫反应的调节、肿瘤的局部和血管侵袭以及肿瘤血管系统的破坏。很明显，由于TNF-α在不同生理系统内的综合功能，不能作为单药治疗肿瘤；然而，对其不同细胞途径的长期研究已经导致识别出具有更特异性相互作用的各种后续分子，因此，可能适合作为肿瘤的预后和治疗因素。在这里，我们将回顾 TNF-α 作为参与细胞生理功能和病理异常的细胞因子的不同方面，