During the first 2 hours of Drosophila development, precisely orchestrated nuclear cleavages, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and directed membrane growth lead to the formation of an epithelial sheet around the yolk. The newly formed epithelium remains relatively quiescent during the next hour as it is patterned by maternal inductive signals and zygotic gene products. We discovered that this mechanically quiet period is disrupted in embryos with high levels of dNTPs, which have been recently shown to cause abnormally fast nuclear cleavages and interfere with zygotic transcription. High levels of dNTPs are associated with robust onset of oscillatory two-dimensional flows during the third hour of development. Tissue cartography, particle image velocimetry, and dimensionality reduction techniques reveal that these oscillatory flows are low dimensional and are characterized by the presence of spiral vortices. We speculate that these aberrant flows emerge through an instability triggered by deregulated mechanical coupling between the nascent epithelium and three-dimensional yolk. These results highlight an unexplored connection between a core metabolic process and large-scale mechanics in a rapidly developing embryo.

中文翻译：

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过量的 dNTP 触发早期果蝇胚胎中的振荡表面流

在果蝇发育的前 2 小时内，精确协调的核分裂、细胞骨架重排和定向膜生长导致在蛋黄周围形成上皮层。新形成的上皮在接下来的一个小时内保持相对静止，因为它是由母体诱导信号和合子基因产物形成的。我们发现，在具有高水平 dNTP 的胚胎中，这个机械安静期会被破坏，最近已证明这会导致异常快速的核分裂并干扰合子转录。高水平的 dNTP 与在发育的第三个小时内出现强烈的振荡二维流动有关。组织制图、粒子图像测速、降维技术表明，这些振荡流是低维的，其特征是存在螺旋涡流。我们推测，这些异常流动是通过新生上皮和三维蛋黄之间解除调节的机械耦合触发的不稳定性而出现的。这些结果突出了快速发育胚胎中核心代谢过程与大规模力学之间尚未探索的联系。