Abstract Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of 3D printing that enables large elements to be built, with reasonable printing times and costs. There are, however, uncertainties relating to the structural performance of WAAM material, including the basic mechanical properties, the degree of anisotropy, the influence of the as-built geometry and the variability in response. Towards addressing this knowledge gap, a comprehensive series of tensile tests on WAAM stainless steel was conducted; the results are presented herein. As-built and machined coupons were tested to investigate the influence of the geometrical irregularity on the stress-strain characteristics, while material anisotropy was explored by testing coupons produced at different angles to the printing orientation. Non-contact measurement techniques were employed to determine the geometric properties and deformation fields of the specimens, while sophisticated analysis methods were used for post processing the test data. The material response revealed a significant degree of anisotropy, explained by the existence of a strong crystallographic texture, uncovered by means of electron backscatter diffraction. Finally, the effective mechanical properties of the as-built material were shown to be strongly dependent on the geometric variability; simple geometric measures were therefore developed to characterise the key aspects of the observed behaviour.

中文翻译：

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线材和电弧增材制造板材的机械和微观结构测试

摘要 线材和电弧增材制造 (WAAM) 是一种 3D 打印方法，能够以合理的打印时间和成本构建大型元件。然而，WAAM 材料的结构性能存在不确定性，包括基本机械性能、各向异性程度、竣工几何形状的影响和响应的可变性。为了弥补这一知识差距，对 WAAM 不锈钢进行了一系列全面的拉伸试验；结果列于此处。对竣工和机加工的试样进行了测试，以研究几何不规则性对应力应变特性的影响，同时通过测试与印刷方向不同角度生产的试样来探索材料各向异性。采用非接触式测量技术来确定试样的几何特性和变形场，同时使用复杂的分析方法对测试数据进行后处理。材料响应揭示了显着程度的各向异性，这是由强晶体结构的存在解释的，通过电子背散射衍射发现。最后，竣工材料的有效机械性能强烈依赖于几何可变性；因此，开发了简单的几何测量来表征观察到的行为的关键方面。材料响应显示出显着程度的各向异性，这可以通过电子背散射衍射发现的强晶体结构的存在来解释。最后，竣工材料的有效机械性能强烈依赖于几何可变性；因此，开发了简单的几何测量来表征观察到的行为的关键方面。材料响应揭示了显着程度的各向异性，这是由强晶体结构的存在解释的，通过电子背散射衍射发现。最后，竣工材料的有效机械性能强烈依赖于几何可变性；因此，开发了简单的几何测量来表征观察到的行为的关键方面。