The energy industry has a significant influence over the sustainability of the economies from job creation to resource efficiency and the environment. This study’s purpose is to examine the causal dynamics between energy (renewable and non-renewable) on GDP taking into account the role RD a one way causality from Non-RE to GDP in Brazil and SA; from Non-RE to RD and from GDP to R&D in Russia, India and SA. The results for SA are a reflection of the country’s energy supply crisis. The fact that RE does not have an impact on GDP and R&D does not mean that the RE is not a promising option for the future. On the contrary, it might mean that the share of RE and the total R&D were both at low levels historically to make any significant impact.

中文翻译：

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能源与通过研发 (R&D) 实现经济增长之间的因果关系：金砖国家的案例和南非的经验教训

从创造就业机会到资源效率和环境，能源行业对经济的可持续性具有重大影响。本研究的目的是考察能源（可再生和不可再生）对 GDP 的因果关系，同时考虑到巴西和南非从非可再生能源到 GDP 的单向因果关系；在俄罗斯、印度和南非，从非可再生能源到研发，从 GDP 到研发。SA 的结果反映了该国的能源供应危机。可再生能源对 GDP 和研发没有影响这一事实并不意味着可再生能源在未来不是一个有前途的选择。相反，这可能意味着可再生能源的份额和研发总额在历史上都处于较低水平，无法产生重大影响。