The global presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has been particularly considered a concerning problem with unknown consequences. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in the world, and as a result, they are commonly found in different environmental compartments. In the present work, we studied the effects of NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) on the composition and ultrastructure of Atriplex patula L., S. oleracea, and Lactuca sativa L., three green leafy vegetables with significant nutritional value. Contaminant solutions of NSAIDs were applied every two days using concentrations of 0.1 mg L-1, 0.5 mg L-1, and 1 mg L-1. After eight weeks of exposure of the green leafy vegetables to the selected NSAIDs, the chlorophylls (a + b), carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein, and ß-carotene), total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, and the ultrastructural modifications were determined. The obtained results indicated a moderate reduction in the assimilating pigments, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. In addition, ultrastructural damages of the chloroplasts and cell walls were observed in the leaves of the selected vegetables, which were exposed to abiotic stress-induced by NSAIDs. All data collectively suggest that this group of drugs induced harmful effects on plants, and implicitly they may also negatively affected human health on the long term.

中文翻译：

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研究非甾体类抗炎药（NSAID）对具有重要营养价值的绿叶蔬菜的组成和超微结构的影响。

药品在环境中的全球存在已被特别认为是一个具有未知后果的令人关注的问题。非甾体类抗炎药（NSAID）是世界上最常用的处方药，因此，它们通常在不同的环境隔室中发现。在目前的工作中，我们研究了NSAIDs（双氯芬酸，布洛芬和萘普生）对三种具有重要营养价值的绿叶蔬菜Atriplex patula L.，S。oleracea和Lactuca sativa L.的组成和超微结构的影响。每两天使用浓度为0.1 mg L-1、0.5 mg L-1和1 mg L-1的NSAIDs污染溶液。将绿叶蔬菜与选定的NSAID接触8周后，叶绿素（a + b），类胡萝卜素（玉米黄质，叶黄素，和β-胡萝卜素），总多酚和总黄酮含量，抗氧化能力以及超微结构的变化进行了测定。获得的结果表明同化颜料，总多酚和类黄酮含量的适度降低。此外，在所选蔬菜的叶片中观察到了叶绿体和细胞壁的超微结构破坏，这些叶片暴露于非甾体抗炎药诱导的非生物胁迫下。所有数据共同表明，这组药物对植物具有有害作用，并且从长远来看，它们暗含了对人类健康的负面影响。总多酚和类黄酮含量。此外，在所选蔬菜的叶片中观察到了叶绿体和细胞壁的超微结构破坏，这些叶片暴露于非甾体抗炎药诱导的非生物胁迫下。所有数据共同表明，这组药物对植物具有有害作用，并且从长远来看，它们暗含了对人类健康的负面影响。总多酚和类黄酮含量。此外，在所选蔬菜的叶片中观察到了叶绿体和细胞壁的超微结构破坏，这些叶片暴露于非甾体抗炎药诱导的非生物胁迫下。所有数据共同表明，这组药物对植物具有有害作用，并且从长远来看，它们暗含了对人类健康的负面影响。