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High-Resolution Mapping of Japanese Microplastic and Macroplastic Emissions from the Land into the Sea
Water ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-27 , DOI: 10.3390/w12040951
Yasuo Nihei , Takushi Yoshida , Tomoya Kataoka , Riku Ogata

Plastic debris presents a serious hazard to marine ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we developed a method to evaluate high-resolution maps of plastic emissions from the land into the sea offshore of Japan without using mismanaged plastic waste. Plastics were divided into microplastics (MicPs) and macroplastics (MacPs), and correlations between the observed MicP concentrations in rivers and basin characteristics, such as the urban area ratio and population density, were used to evaluate nationwide MicP concentration maps. A simple water balance analysis was used to calculate the annual outflow for each 1 km mesh to obtain the final MicP emissions, and the MacP input was evaluated based on the MicP emissions and the ratio of MacP/MicP obtained according to previous studies. Concentration data revealed that the MicP concentrations and basin characteristics were significantly and positively correlated. Water balance analyses demonstrated that our methods performed well for evaluating the annual flow rate, while reducing the computational load. The total plastic input (MicP + MacP) was widely distributed from 210–4776 t/yr and a map showed that plastic emissions were high for densely populated and highly urbanized areas in the Tokyo metropolitan area, as well as other large urban areas, especially Nagoya and Osaka. These results provide important insights that may be used to develop countermeasures against plastic pollution and the methods employed herein can also be used to evaluate plastic emissions in other regions.

中文翻译:

日本从陆地到海洋的微塑料和大塑料排放的高分辨率绘图

塑料垃圾对全世界的海洋生态系统构成严重危害。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种方法来评估从陆地到日本近海海域的塑料排放的高分辨率地图,而无需使用管理不善的塑料废物。塑料被分为微塑料(MicPs)和大塑料(MacPs),河流中观测到的 MicP 浓度与流域特征(如城市面积比和人口密度)之间的相关性被用来评估全国 MicP 浓度图。使用简单的水平衡分析计算每 1 公里网格的年流出量以获得最终的 MicP 排放量,并根据先前研究获得的 MicP 排放量和 MacP/MicP 的比率评估 MacP 输入。浓度数据显示,MicP 浓度与盆地特征呈显着正相关。水平衡分析表明,我们的方法在评估年流量方面表现良好,同时减少了计算量。总塑料输入 (MicP + MacP) 分布广泛,从 210-4776 吨/年不等,地图显示东京都市区以及其他大城市地区的人口稠密和高度城市化地区的塑料排放量很高,尤其是名古屋和大阪。这些结果提供了重要的见解,可用于制定应对塑料污染的对策,本文采用的方法也可用于评估其他地区的塑料排放。水平衡分析表明,我们的方法在评估年流量方面表现良好,同时减少了计算量。总塑料输入 (MicP + MacP) 分布广泛,从 210-4776 吨/年不等,地图显示东京都市区以及其他大城市地区的人口稠密和高度城市化地区的塑料排放量很高,尤其是名古屋和大阪。这些结果提供了重要的见解,可用于制定应对塑料污染的对策,本文采用的方法也可用于评估其他地区的塑料排放。水平衡分析表明,我们的方法在评估年流量方面表现良好,同时减少了计算量。总塑料输入 (MicP + MacP) 分布广泛,从 210-4776 吨/年不等,地图显示东京都市区以及其他大城市地区的人口稠密和高度城市化地区的塑料排放量很高,尤其是名古屋和大阪。这些结果提供了重要的见解,可用于制定应对塑料污染的对策,本文采用的方法也可用于评估其他地区的塑料排放。总塑料输入 (MicP + MacP) 分布广泛,从 210-4776 吨/年不等,地图显示东京都市区以及其他大城市地区的人口稠密和高度城市化地区的塑料排放量很高,尤其是名古屋和大阪。这些结果提供了重要的见解,可用于制定应对塑料污染的对策,本文采用的方法也可用于评估其他地区的塑料排放。总塑料输入 (MicP + MacP) 分布广泛,从 210-4776 吨/年不等,地图显示东京都市区以及其他大城市地区的人口稠密和高度城市化地区的塑料排放量很高,尤其是名古屋和大阪。这些结果提供了重要的见解,可用于制定应对塑料污染的对策,本文采用的方法也可用于评估其他地区的塑料排放。
更新日期:2020-03-27
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