OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is associated with obesity among adults. During pregnancy, food insecurity increases obesity risk among mothers and infants. This study investigated the association of food security with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) adequacy to date, and the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food during pregnancy. METHODS This secondary data analysis examined 258 pregnant women (mean gestational age = 21.21 ± 10.21 weeks) surveyed on pre-pregnancy weight, height, pregnancy due date and GWG to date, current diagnoses related to eating and pregnancy, and demographics. The survey also assessed current food security and RRV of meals, snacks, cognitive activities, and active activities. BMI was calculated from pre-pregnancy height and weight (kg/m2). Gestational weight gain adequacy to date was derived from the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the relation of food security with pre-pregnancy BMI and RRVs of foods/activities. The relation between food security and GWG adequacy to date was examined using multinomial regression models. RESULTS Lower food security was related to both greater pre-pregnancy BMI (β = 0.60, p < .001) and greater RRV of snack foods (β = 3.46, p < .05), after controlling for covariates. Lower food security was also related to GWG to date below recommended levels (OR = 1.25, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity is related to higher relative food reinforcement during pregnancy, and greater pre-pregnancy weight status. Future research should replicate and extend these findings by assessing them longitudinally to better evaluate the directions of these relationships.

中文翻译：

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孕妇食物不安全与食物、BMI和妊娠期体重增加的相对强化价值之间的关系

目的 粮食不安全与成人肥胖有关。在怀孕期间，粮食不安全增加了母亲和婴儿的肥胖风险。本研究调查了食品安全与孕前体重指数 (BMI)、迄今为止的妊娠期体重增加 (GWG) 充分性以及孕期食物的相对强化值 (RRV) 之间的关系。方法 该次要数据分析检查了 258 名孕妇（平均胎龄 = 21.21 ± 10.21 周），调查了孕前体重、身高、怀孕预产期和迄今为止的 GWG、与饮食和怀孕相关的当前诊断以及人口统计数据。该调查还评估了当前的粮食安全和膳食、零食、认知活动和积极活动的 RRV。BMI 由孕前身高和体重 (kg/m2) 计算得出。迄今为止的妊娠期体重增加充分性来自医学研究所指南。多变量线性回归模型用于检查食品安全与孕前 BMI 和食品/活动 RRV 的关系。迄今为止，粮食安全与 GWG 充足性之间的关系使用多项回归模型进行了检验。结果 在控制协变量后，较低的食品安全与较高的孕前 BMI (β = 0.60, p < .001) 和较高的休闲食品 RRV (β = 3.46, p < .05) 有关。迄今为止，低于推荐水平的 GWG 也与较低的粮食安全有关（OR = 1.25，p < .05）。结论 粮食不安全与怀孕期间较高的相对食物强化和较高的孕前体重状况有关。