Germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GMH-IVH), periventricular haemorrhagic infarction (PHI) and its complication, post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD), are still common neonatal morbidities in preterm infants that are highly associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Typical cranial ultrasound (CUS) findings of GMH-IVH, PHI and PHVD, their anatomical substrates and underlying mechanisms are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we propose a detailed descriptive classification of GMH-IVH and PHI that may improve quality of CUS reporting and prediction of outcome in infants suffering from GMH-IVH/PHI.

中文翻译：

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早产儿生发基质出血的头颅超声检查结果、后遗症和结局

生发基质脑室内出血（GMH-IVH）、脑室周围出血性梗死（PHI）及其并发症出血后脑室扩张（PHVD）仍然是早产儿常见的新生儿疾病，与不良神经发育结局高度相关。本文讨论了 GMH-IVH、PHI 和 PHVD 的典型颅骨超声 (CUS) 结果、其解剖学基础和潜在机制。此外，我们提出了 GMH-IVH 和 PHI 的详细描述性分类，这可能会提高 CUS 报告的质量和患有 GMH-IVH/PHI 的婴儿的结果预测。