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Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers
Science ( IF 56.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-26 , DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7943
J. Zilhão 1, 2, 3 , D. E. Angelucci 4 , M. Araújo Igreja 3, 5, 6 , L. J. Arnold 7 , E. Badal 8 , P. Callapez 9 , J. L. Cardoso 3, 10 , F. d’Errico 11, 12 , J. Daura 2, 3 , M. Demuro 7 , M. Deschamps 3, 13 , C. Dupont 14 , S. Gabriel 3, 5, 6 , D. L. Hoffmann 15, 16 , P. Legoinha 17 , H. Matias 3 , A. M. Monge Soares 18 , M. Nabais 3, 19 , P. Portela 18 , A. Queffelec 11 , F. Rodrigues 3 , P. Souto 20
Affiliation  

Fruits of the sea The origins of marine resource consumption by humans have been much debated. Zilhão et al. present evidence that, in Atlantic Iberia's coastal settings, Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals exploited marine resources at a scale on par with the modern human–associated Middle Stone Age of southern Africa (see the Perspective by Will). Excavations at the Figueira Brava site on Portugal's Atlantic coast reveal shell middens rich in the remains of mollusks, crabs, and fish, as well as terrestrial food items. Familiarity with the sea and its resources may thus have been widespread for residents there in the Middle Paleolithic. The Figueira Brava Neanderthals also exploited stone pine nuts in a way akin to that previously identified in the Holocene of Iberia. These findings add broader dimensions to our understanding of the role of aquatic resources in the subsistence of Paleolithic humans. Science, this issue p. eaaz7943; see also p. 1422 The subsistence base of coastal Portugal’s Last Interglacial Neandertals was as broad as that of present-day humans. INTRODUCTION A record of the regular exploitation of aquatic foods has been lacking in Neandertal Europe. By contrast, marine resources feature prominently—alongside personal ornaments, body painting, and linear-geometric drawings—in the archeology of Last Interglacial Africa. A competitive advantage scenario of human origins is that the habitual consumption of aquatic foods and the fatty acids they contain, which favor brain development, underpins the acquisition of modernity in cognition and behavior. The resulting innovations in technology, demographic growth, and enhanced prosociality would therefore explain modern humans’ out-of-Africa expansion with regard to both dispersal process (along coastal routes and to southern Asia first) and outcome (the demise of coeval non-modern Eurasians). A corollary of this view is that the paucity of marine foods at Neandertal coastal sites is a genuine reflection of their subsistence behavior. RATIONALE Europe’s Atlantic façade boasts resource-rich coastal waters comparable to those of South Africa. From Scandinavia to France, however, any evidence for the Last Interglacial exploitation of marine resources would have been lost to subsequent icecap advances and postglacial submersion of the wide continental platform. Conversely, the very steep shelf off Arrábida, a littoral mountain range 30 km south of Lisbon, Portugal, has enabled extant and submerged shorelines to be preserved short distances apart. Gruta da Figueira Brava, one of Arrábida’s erosion-protected, seaside cave sites, provides a singular opportunity to investigate whether any considerable Last Interglacial accumulations of marine food debris ever existed in Europe. RESULTS The Figueira Brava archeological sequence dates to ~86 to 106 thousand years ago (kya). Throughout, there is evidence of a settlement-subsistence system based on regular exploitation of all animal resources offered by the coastal environment: large crabs, marine mollusks, fish, marine birds and mammals, tortoise, waterfowl, and hoofed game. The composition of the food basket and the structure of the deposit vary as a function of the following: (i) sea-level oscillation, with implications for the ecosystems that were preferentially targeted; (ii) frequency of human occupation; (iii) site-formation process; and (iv) position of the archeological trenches relative to the changing configuration of the inhabited space. The initial occupations (phases FB1 and FB2), when the sea was closer to the cave (~750 m), include shell-supported accumulations. These occupations were followed by a period of infrequent use (phase FB3) and a final phase (FB4), when the shoreline was ~2000 m away but shellfish were again discarded at the site in substantial amounts. The density of marine food remains compares well to that seen in the regional Mesolithic and the Last Interglacial of South Africa and the Maghreb and exceeds the latter two in the case of crabs and fish. Figueira Brava also documents a stone pine economy featuring seasonal harvesting and on-site storage of the cones for deferred consumption of the nuts. The stability of this subsistence system suggests successful long-term adaptation. CONCLUSION Figueira Brava provides the first record of significant marine resource consumption among Europe’s Neandertals. Taphonomic and site-preservation biases explain why this kind of record has not been previously found in Europe on the scale seen among coeval African populations. Consistent with rapidly accumulating evidence that Neandertals possessed a fully symbolic material culture, the subsistence evidence reported here further questions the behavioral gap once thought to separate them from modern humans. Gruta da Figueira Brava, Arrábida, Portugal. Note the Mediterranean vegetation, like at the time of the Last Interglacial occupation, the MIS 5e marine abrasion terrace, and, under the overhang, the brecciated remnant dated to ~86 to 106 kya. Neandertal use of this cave space, which is currently unroofed due to Holocene erosion, has left an archeological record rich in fish, shellfish, and other coastal resources. PHOTOS: PEDRO SOUTO/JOÃO ZILHÃO. Marine food–reliant subsistence systems such as those in the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) were not thought to exist in Europe until the much later Mesolithic. Whether this apparent lag reflects taphonomic biases or behavioral distinctions between archaic and modern humans remains much debated. Figueira Brava cave, in the Arrábida range (Portugal), provides an exceptionally well preserved record of Neandertal coastal resource exploitation on a comparable scale to the MSA and dated to ~86 to 106 thousand years ago. The breadth of the subsistence base—pine nuts, marine invertebrates, fish, marine birds and mammals, tortoises, waterfowl, and hoofed game—exceeds that of regional early Holocene sites. Fisher-hunter-gatherer economies are not the preserve of anatomically modern people; by the Last Interglacial, they were in place across the Old World in the appropriate settings.

中文翻译:

最后的间冰期伊比利亚尼安德特人作为渔猎采集者

海洋的果实 人类消耗海洋资源的起源一直备受争议。齐良等人。目前的证据表明,在大西洋伊比利亚的沿海地区,旧石器时代中期的尼安德特人以与现代人类相关的南部非洲中石器时代相当的规模开发海洋资源(见威尔的观点)。在葡萄牙大西洋沿岸的 Figueira Brava 遗址挖掘出的贝壳中富含软体动物、螃蟹和鱼类的遗骸,以及陆生食物。因此,旧石器时代中期,那里的居民可能对海洋及其资源非常熟悉。Figueira Brava 尼安德特人也以类似于以前在伊比利亚全新世中发现的方式开发石松子。这些发现为我们理解水生资源在旧石器时代人类生存中的作用增加了更广泛的维度。科学,这个问题 p。eaaz7943; 另见第 1422 沿海葡萄牙最后一次间冰期尼安德特人的生存基础与当今人类的生存基础一样广泛。引言 欧洲尼安德特人一直缺乏定期开发水产食品的记录。相比之下,海洋资源在最后一次间冰期非洲的考古学中占有突出地位——除了个人装饰品、人体彩绘和线性几何图。人类起源的一个竞争优势情景是,习惯性消费水产食品及其所含的脂肪酸,有利于大脑发育,是认知和行为现代化的基础。由此产生的技术创新,因此,人口增长和亲社会性的增强可以解释现代人类在传播过程(沿沿海路线和首先到达南亚)和结果(同时期非现代欧亚人的消亡)方面的非洲扩张。这种观点的一个推论是,尼安德特沿海地区海洋食物的匮乏真正反映了他们的生存行为。基本原理 欧洲的大西洋表面拥有与南非相当的资源丰富的沿海水域。然而,从斯堪的纳维亚半岛到法国,任何关于海洋资源上次间冰期开发的证据都将被随后的冰盖推进和冰川后广阔的大陆平台淹没。相反,位于葡萄牙里斯本以南 30 公里的沿海山脉阿拉比达附近非常陡峭的陆架,使现存的和淹没的海岸线相隔很短的距离得以保存。Gruta da Figueira Brava 是 Arrábida 受侵蚀保护的海滨洞穴遗址之一,它提供了一个独特的机会来调查欧洲是否曾经存在过大量的上次间冰期海洋食物残渣堆积。结果 Figueira Brava 考古序列可以追溯到大约 86 到 106 千年前 (kya)。在整个过程中,有证据表明存在基于对沿海环境提供的所有动物资源的定期开发的定居生存系统:大型螃蟹、海洋软体动物、鱼类、海洋鸟类和哺乳动物、乌龟、水禽和有蹄类动物。食物篮的组成和沉积物的结构随以下因素而变化:(i) 海平面波动,对优先针对的生态系统产生影响;(ii) 人类占领的频率;(iii) 场地形成过程;(iv) 考古沟渠相对于居住空间不断变化的配置的位置。最初的职业(阶段 FB1 和 FB2),当大海更靠近洞穴时(~750 m),包括壳支撑的堆积物。这些职业之后是一段不经常使用的时期(FB3 阶段)和最后阶段(FB4),当时海岸线距离约 2000 米,但贝类再次被大量丢弃在现场。海洋食物残骸的密度与区域中石器时代和南非和马格里布的末次间冰期相当,在螃蟹和鱼类的情况下超过了后两者。Figueira Brava 还记录了石松经济,其特点是季节性收获和现场储存锥体以延迟食用坚果。这种生存系统的稳定性表明成功的长期适应。结论 Figueira Brava 首次记录了欧洲尼安德特人对海洋资源的大量消耗。埋藏学和遗址保护偏见解释了为什么这种记录以前在欧洲没有发现在同时代非洲人口中的规模。与迅速积累的证据表明尼安德特人拥有完全象征性的物质文化相一致,这里报道的生存证据进一步质疑了曾经被认为将他们与现代人类分开的行为鸿沟。Gruta da Figueira Brava,葡萄牙阿拉比达。注意地中海植被,就像在上次间冰期占领时期一样,MIS 5e 海洋磨蚀阶地,以及悬垂下的角砾岩遗迹,其历史可以追溯到约 86 至 106 kya。尼安德特人对这个洞穴空间的使用留下了丰富的鱼类、贝类和其他沿海资源,目前由于全新世的侵蚀而没有屋顶。照片:佩德罗·索托 / JOÃO ZILHÃO。直到更晚的中石器时代,欧洲才认为依赖海洋食物的生存系统,例如非洲中石器时代 (MSA) 中的系统。这种明显的滞后是否反映了古代人和现代人之间的埋藏偏差或行为差异,仍然存在很多争议。Figueira Brava 洞穴,位于阿拉比达山脉(葡萄牙),提供了保存异常完好的尼安德特人沿海资源开发记录,其规模与 MSA 相当,可追溯到 86 至 10.6 万年前。生存基础的范围——松子、海洋无脊椎动物、鱼类、海洋鸟类和哺乳动物、陆龟、水禽和有蹄类动物——超过了区域性早期全新世遗址的范围。渔民-狩猎-采集经济不是解剖学上现代人的专利;到最后一次间冰期,它们在旧世界的适当环境中就位。
更新日期:2020-03-26
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