The formation of de novo centromeres on artificial chromosomes in humans (HACs) and fission yeast (SpYACs) has provided much insights to the epigenetic and genetic control on regional centromere establishment and maintenance. Similarly, the use of artificial chromosomes in point centromeric budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScYACs) and holocentric Caenorhabditis elegans (WACs) has revealed epigenetic regulation in the originally thought purely genetically-determined point centromeres and some centromeric DNA sequence features in holocentromeres, respectively. These relatively extreme and less characterized centromere organizations, on the endogenous chromosomes and artificial chromosomes, will be discussed and compared to the more well-studied regional centromere systems. This review will highlight some of the common epigenetic and genetic features in different centromere architectures, including the presence of the centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-A or CenH3, centromeric and pericentric transcription, AT-richness and repetitiveness of centromeric DNA sequences.

中文翻译：

---

“极端的教训：人工染色体上单点着丝粒和全着丝粒建立中的表观遗传和遗传调控”。

在人类的人工染色体（HAC）和裂变酵母（SpYAC）上从头着丝粒的形成为区域着丝粒的建立和维持的表观遗传学和遗传控制提供了许多见识。同样，人工染色体在点着丝粒出芽的酿酒酵母（ScYACs）和整中心秀丽隐杆线虫（WACs）中的使用，揭示了最初认为纯粹由基因决定的点着丝粒和表观着丝粒中某些着丝粒DNA序列特征的表观遗传调控。这些在内源性染色体和人工染色体上相对极端且特征较少的着丝粒组织将被讨论，并与研究更深入的区域着丝粒系统进行比较。