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Optical 4D signal detection in turbid water by multi-dimensional integral imaging using spatially distributed and temporally encoded multiple light sources
Optics Express ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-25 Rakesh Joshi, Timothy O’Connor, Xin Shen, Michael Wardlaw, and Bahram Javidi
Optics Express ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-25 Rakesh Joshi, Timothy O’Connor, Xin Shen, Michael Wardlaw, and Bahram Javidi
We propose an underwater optical signal detection system based on multi-dimensional integral imaging with spatially distributed multiple light sources and four-dimensional (4D) spatial-temporal correlation. We demonstrate our system for the detection of optical signals in turbid water. A 4D optical signal is generated from a three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of underwater light sources, which are temporally encoded using spread spectrum techniques. The optical signals are captured by an array of cameras, and 3D integral imaging reconstruction is performed, followed by multi-dimensional correlation to detect the optical signal. Inclusion of multiple light sources located at different depths allows for successful signal detection at turbidity levels not feasible using only a single light source. We consider the proposed system under varied turbidity levels using both Pseudorandom and Gold Codes for temporal signal coding. We also compare the effectiveness of the proposed underwater optical signal detection system to a similar system using only a single light source and compare between conventional and integral imaging-based signal detection. The underwater signal detection capabilities are measured through performance-based metrics such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve (AUC), and the number of detection errors. Furthermore, statistical analysis, including Kullback-Leibler divergence and Bhattacharya distance, shows improved performance of the proposed multi-source integral imaging underwater system. The proposed integral-imaging based approach is shown to significantly outperform conventional imaging-based methods.
中文翻译:
使用空间分布和时间编码的多个光源通过多维积分成像在浑浊水中进行光学4D信号检测
我们提出了一种基于多维积分成像的水下光信号检测系统,该多维积分成像具有空间分布的多个光源和四维(4D)时空相关性。我们演示了用于检测浑浊水中光信号的系统。根据水下光源的三维(3D)空间分布生成4D光信号,该水下光源使用扩频技术进行时间编码。光信号由一排照相机捕获,并执行3D积分成像重建,然后进行多维相关以检测光信号。包含位于不同深度的多个光源可以在仅使用单个光源无法实现的浊度水平上成功检测信号。我们考虑使用不同的浊度水平的拟议系统,同时使用伪随机和Gold码进行时间信号编码。我们还将比较拟议的水下光学信号检测系统与仅使用单个光源的类似系统的有效性,并在常规和基于整体成像的信号检测之间进行比较。水下信号检测能力是通过基于性能的指标来衡量的,例如接收机工作特性(ROC)曲线,曲线下的面积(AUC)和检测错误的数量。此外,包括Kullback-Leibler散度和Bhattacharya距离在内的统计分析表明,所提出的多源积分成像水下系统的性能有所提高。
更新日期:2020-03-26
中文翻译:
使用空间分布和时间编码的多个光源通过多维积分成像在浑浊水中进行光学4D信号检测
我们提出了一种基于多维积分成像的水下光信号检测系统,该多维积分成像具有空间分布的多个光源和四维(4D)时空相关性。我们演示了用于检测浑浊水中光信号的系统。根据水下光源的三维(3D)空间分布生成4D光信号,该水下光源使用扩频技术进行时间编码。光信号由一排照相机捕获,并执行3D积分成像重建,然后进行多维相关以检测光信号。包含位于不同深度的多个光源可以在仅使用单个光源无法实现的浊度水平上成功检测信号。我们考虑使用不同的浊度水平的拟议系统,同时使用伪随机和Gold码进行时间信号编码。我们还将比较拟议的水下光学信号检测系统与仅使用单个光源的类似系统的有效性,并在常规和基于整体成像的信号检测之间进行比较。水下信号检测能力是通过基于性能的指标来衡量的,例如接收机工作特性(ROC)曲线,曲线下的面积(AUC)和检测错误的数量。此外,包括Kullback-Leibler散度和Bhattacharya距离在内的统计分析表明,所提出的多源积分成像水下系统的性能有所提高。