Abstract

A road traffic accident is a burning issue because the cost of road accidents is about 2% of gross domestic product in Pakistan. This paper explores the relationship between health force density index, temperature, rainfall, road lengths, and road traffic fatalities in Pakistan from 1985 to 2016. The stationarity was determined with the help of four-unit root tests. The existence of long-run cointegration was determined by using the autoregressive distributing lag bound test. The vector error correction model showed the long-run causality of road traffic fatalities, which implies that road traffic fatalities were affected by selected variables in the long-run. The short-run unidirectional causality was running from road traffic fatalities to health force density index; temperature to health force density index; rainfall to health force density index; health force density index to rainfall; road traffic fatalities to high type road length; health force density index to high type road length; and temperature to high type roads. The reduction in road fatalities was 1.713% due to a 1% increase in health force density. But, road fatalities increase by 3.628% due to a 1% increase in temperature. The road fatalities increase by 0.255% and 0.485% due to a 1% increase in rainfall and high type road length, respectively. The governments should increase the number of doctors and nurses for the life-saving of an injured person. Due to the adverse impact of temperature on road safety, the government should formulate a comprehensive environmental policy in order to mitigate global warming. It is recommended to increase the forest area to reduce the level of emission. It is required to modify the system of transportation according to the guidelines of international transportation associations with respect to the quality and maintenance of vehicles, medical check-up of drivers, and construction of roads. Installation of speed cameras is also needed on high type roads to ensure road safety. It is also recommended to increase traffic law enforcement. It is difficult for the Pakistani government to effectively execute road safety plans due to the limitation of resources. However, the government should invest the revenue collected through tax violation fine for the improvement in road safety. It is also needed to invest in the health sector and up-gradation of the hospitals for the safety of human beings. The government should ensure the availability of the latest medical technology in the hospitals and the improvement of emergency services. It is required to develop coordination between various ministries such as transportation, planning, law, education, public health, and information. It is necessary to make the public aware of the social and economic cost of road accidents using electronic, print, and social media.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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温度，降雨和卫生工作者密度指数对巴基斯坦道路交通死亡的影响。

摘要

道路交通事故是一个迫在眉睫的问题，因为道路交通事故造成的损失约占巴基斯坦国内生产总值的2％。本文探讨了1985年至2016年巴基斯坦卫生力量密度指数，温度，降雨量，道路长度和道路交通死亡人数之间的关系。在四单元根检验的帮助下确定了平稳性。使用自回归分布滞后检验确定长期协整的存在。向量误差校正模型显示了道路交通死亡的长期因果关系，这意味着道路交通死亡在长期内受所选变量的影响。短期的单向因果关系是从道路交通事故死亡人数到健康力量密度指数。温度对健康力量的密度指数；降雨对健康力量的密度指数；健康力量密度指数与降雨的关系；高类型道路长度的道路交通事故死亡人数；高强度道路长度的健康力量密度指数；和高温的道路。由于健康力量密度增加了1％，道路死亡人数减少了1.713％。但是，由于温度升高1％，道路死亡人数增加了3.628％。由于降雨和高类型道路长度分别增加1％，道路死亡人数分别增加0.255％和0.485％。政府应增加医生和护士的数量，以挽救受伤者的生命。由于温度对道路安全的不利影响，政府应制定全面的环境政策以减轻全球变暖。建议增加森林面积以减少排放量。需要根据国际运输协会的有关车辆质量和维护，驾驶员身体检查和道路建设的准则来修改运输系统。在高类型道路上也需要安装测速摄像机，以确保道路安全。还建议增加交通执法。由于资源有限，巴基斯坦政府难以有效执行道路安全计划。但是，政府应将因违反税收而收取的收入进行投资，以改善道路安全。为了人类的安全，还需要在卫生部门进行投资并升级医院。政府应确保医院能够使用最新的医疗技术，并改善急诊服务。需要在运输，规划，法律，教育，公共卫生和信息等各个部委之间建立协调。必须通过电子，印刷和社交媒体使公众意识到道路交通事故的社会和经济代价。