Smart contracts have enabled blockchain systems to evolve from simple cryptocurrency platforms, such as Bitcoin, to general transactional systems, such as Ethereum. Catering for emerging business requirements, a new architecture called execute-order-validate has been proposed in Hyperledger Fabric to support parallel transactions and improve the blockchain's throughput. However, this new architecture might render many invalid transactions when serializing them. This problem is further exaggerated as the block formation rate is inherently limited due to other factors beside data processing, such as cryptography and consensus. In this work, we propose a novel method to enhance the execute-order-validate architecture, by reducing invalid transactions to improve the throughput of blockchains. Our method is inspired by state-of-the-art optimistic concurrency control techniques in modern database systems. In contrast to existing blockchains that adopt database's preventive approaches which might abort serializable transactions, our method is theoretically more fine-grained. Specifically, unserializable transactions are aborted before ordering and the remaining transactions are guaranteed to be serializable. For evaluation, we implement our method in two blockchains respectively, FabricSharp on top of Hyperledger Fabric, and FastFabricSharp on top of FastFabric. We compare the performance of FabricSharp with vanilla Fabric and three related systems, two of which are respectively implemented with one standard and one state-of-the-art concurrency control techniques from databases. The results demonstrate that FabricSharp achieves 25% higher throughput compared to the other systems in nearly all experimental scenarios. Moreover, the FastFabricSharp's improvement over FastFabric is up to 66%.

中文翻译：

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执行-订单-验证区块链的交易视角

智能合约使区块链系统能够从简单的加密货币平台（如比特币）演变为通用交易系统（如以太坊）。为满足新兴业务需求，Hyperledger Fabric 中提出了一种名为 execute-order-validate 的新架构，以支持并行交易并提高区块链的吞吐量。但是，这种新架构在序列化它们时可能会呈现许多无效事务。由于数据处理之外的其他因素，例如密码学和共识，区块形成率本质上是有限的，因此这个问题被进一步夸大了。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新方法来增强执行顺序验证架构，通过减少无效交易来提高区块链的吞吐量。我们的方法受到现代数据库系统中最先进的乐观并发控制技术的启发。与采用可能中止可序列化交易的数据库预防方法的现有区块链相比，我们的方法在理论上更细粒度。具体来说，不可序列化的事务在排序之前被中止，并且保证剩余的事务是可序列化的。为了进行评估，我们分别在两个区块链中实现了我们的方法，即 Hyperledger Fabric 之上的 FabricSharp 和 FastFabric 之上的 FastFabricSharp。我们将 FabricSharp 与 vanilla Fabric 和三个相关系统的性能进行了比较，其中两个系统分别使用一种标准和一种最先进的数据库并发控制技术实现。结果表明，在几乎所有实验场景中，与其他系统相比，FabricSharp 的吞吐量提高了 25%。而且，FastFabricSharp 对 FastFabric 的改进高达 66%。