Changes in the number of generations per year (voltinism) have been among the most common phenological responses to climate warming in insects inhabiting seasonal environments. Nevertheless, numerous species have maintained univoltine (one generation per year) phenology with increasing temperatures, indicating the involvement of phylogenetic, ecological or some other constraints on phenological change. I examined geographic variation in voltinism in moths and butterflies of northern Europe to identify species traits that might predispose species to univoltine/multivoltine phenology. I focused on species with a wide latitudinal distribution range (15 degrees as a minimum) which makes it unlikely that constraints imposed by season length could preclude multivoltinism across their distribution. Almost half of the 731 moth and butterfly species considered appear to have a single generation throughout their entire European range. A univoltine life‐cycle across a wide latitudinal gradient suggests the presence of some constraint that makes additional generations either impossible or at least strongly disadvantageous, which will unlikely change with future climate warming. The scattered distribution of univoltine and multivoltine species across the lepidopteran phylogeny indicates that phylogenetic constraints do not strongly limit changes in voltinism, and the trait is open to ecologically‐driven adaptive evolution. My data show that species with one generation per year are generally larger than multivoltine species, but size forms no absolute constraint to having multiple generations per year. Obligately univoltine species dominate among egg and adult overwinterers (life‐histories typical of so‐called spring‐feeders), whereas species with capacity for multiple generations prevail among pupal overwinterers. Multivoltinism is also infrequent among species feeding on grasses, particularly in endophagous grass‐feeders. Larval diet breadth has no discernible effect on voltinism. Given the diverse ecological consequences of voltinism and its changes, accounting for the species’ capacity for multivoltinism may be a key to address future challenges in biodiversity conservation and pest management.

中文翻译：

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温带飞蛾和蝴蝶对气候变暖的物候响应：物种特征预示着未来的变化

每年发生的世代数变化（伏特论）一直是居住在季节性环境中的昆虫对气候变暖最常见的物候响应。然而，随着温度的升高，许多物种都保持了单伏安（每年一次）的物候学现象，这表明系统发育，生态学或其他一些制约因素影响了物候变化。我检查了北欧飞蛾和蝴蝶的伏地化地理分布，以确定可能会使物种容易发生单伏/多伏物候现象的物种特征。我关注的是具有宽纬度分布范围（最小15度）的物种，这使得由季节长度施加的约束不可能在其分布范围内排除多重电压。在731种蛾和蝴蝶物种中，几乎有一半似乎在整个欧洲范围内只有一个世代。横跨宽纬度梯度的单伏特生命周期表明存在某种约束，使其他世代不可能或至少不利，这将不会随着未来的气候变暖而改变。单翅目和多翅目物种在整个鳞翅目系统发育中的分散分布表明，系统发育限制并没有强烈地限制Voltinism的变化，并且该特征对生态驱动的适应性进化开放。我的数据显示，每年只有一代的物种比多伏特物种大，但是大小并没有对每年多代的形成绝对的限制。在卵和成年越冬动物中，专一性物种占主导地位（生活史是所谓的春季饲养者的典型特征），而p越冬者则具有多代繁殖能力。在以草为食的物种中，特别是在吞噬内的草食者中，多电压现象也不常见。幼虫的饮食广度对兽医没有明显的影响。鉴于Voltinism及其变化所带来的各种生态后果，考虑该物种的多重感染能力可能是应对未来生物多样性保护和虫害管理挑战的关键。特别是在吞噬草食者中。幼虫的饮食广度对兽医没有明显的影响。鉴于Voltinism及其变化所带来的各种生态后果，考虑该物种的多重感染能力可能是应对未来生物多样性保护和虫害管理挑战的关键。特别是在吞噬草食者中。幼虫的饮食广度对兽医没有明显的影响。鉴于Voltinism及其变化所带来的各种生态后果，考虑该物种的多重感染能力可能是应对未来生物多样性保护和虫害管理挑战的关键。