Biological invasions are a major driver of human-induced global environmental change. This makes monitoring of potential spread, population changes and control measures necessary for guiding management. We illustrate the value of integrated methods (species distribution modelling (SDM), plant population monitoring and questionnaires) for monitoring and assessing invasions of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) over time in Switzerland. SDMs highlighted the potential spread of the species, uncovered ecological mechanisms underlying invasions and guided monitoring at a regional level. We used adaptive and repeat plant sampling to monitor invasive population status and changes, and assess the effectiveness of H. mantegazzianum management over three periods (2005, 2013 and 2018) within the pre-Alps, Vaud. We also conducted questionnaire surveys with managers and the public. Multiscale modelling, and integrating global and regional SDMs, provided the best predictions, showing that H. mantegazzianum can potentially invade large parts of Switzerland, especially below 2 000 m a.s.l. Over time, populations of invasive H. mantegazzianum in the Vaud pre-Alps have declined, which is most likely due to a sharp rise in management uptake post 2007 (7% of municipalities before 2007 to 86% in 2018). The level of known invasive populations has decreased by 54% over time. Some municipalities have even successfully eradicated H. mantegazzianum within their borders. However, a few areas, particularly in the rural, higher-altitude municipalities, where management was not implemented effectively, populations have expanded, which could hamper control efforts at lower altitudes. We provide encouraging evidence that control measures can be effective in reducing plant invasions with long-term commitment, as well as a good template for using integrated methodological approaches to better study and monitor invasive alien species.

中文翻译：

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瑞士 Heracleum mantegazzianum（巨型猪草）入侵潜力监测和管理的综合方法

生物入侵是人类引起的全球环境变化的主要驱动因素。这使得监测潜在的传播、人口变化和控制措施成为指导管理的必要条件。我们说明了综合方法（物种分布模型 (SDM)、植物种群监测和问卷调查）在瑞士随时间监测和评估 Heracleum mantegazzianum（巨型猪草）入侵的价值。SDM 强调了该物种的潜在传播，揭示了入侵背后的生态机制，并在区域层面进行了指导监测。我们使用适应性和重复植物采样来监测入侵种群状态和变化，并评估前阿尔卑斯沃州三个时期（2005、2013 和 2018 年）的 H. mantegazzianum 管理的有效性。我们还对管理者和公众进行了问卷调查。多尺度建模以及整合全球和区域 SDM 提供了最佳预测，表明 H. mantegazzianum 有可能入侵瑞士的大部分地区，尤其是海拔 2 000 米以下的地区。随着时间的推移，阿尔卑斯山前沃州的入侵 H. mantegazzianum 种群已经下降，这很可能是由于 2007 年后管理接受率急剧上升（2007 年之前的 7% 到 2018 年的 86%）。随着时间的推移，已知入侵种群的水平下降了 54%。一些市政当局甚至成功地在其境内消灭了 H. mantegazzianum。然而，一些地区，特别是在农村、海拔较高的城市，管理没有得到有效实施，人口有所增加，这可能会妨碍低海拔地区的控制工作。我们提供了令人鼓舞的证据，表明控制措施可以有效减少植物入侵，长期承诺，以及使用综合方法学方法更好地研究和监测外来入侵物种的良好模板。