Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulose is a fibrous, water-insoluble substance and is considered to be the most abundant bio-derived polymer on earth. From an industrial perspective, plant cellulose has been the mainstay of the wood industries for the past 100 years. The hierarchical organization and semicrystalline nature of cellulose found in plant fibers allows the extraction of nanofibers and nanocrystals using mechanical and chemical top-down de-structuring strategies. Bacterial cellulose has also been increasingly investigated. Bacterial cellulose is composed of cellulose nanofibers secreted extracellularly by some bacteria; bacterial cellulose is therefore obtained using bottom-up synthesis. The unique nanofibrillar structure of bacterial cellulose confers excellent physical and mechanical properties such as high porosity, high elastic modulus and high crystallinity. Research on nanocellulose is accelerating due actual fossil fuel issues such as CO₂ emissions, plastic pollution and lack of renewable energy. Nanocellulose materials are non-toxic, biodegradable and recyclable, with no adverse effects on health and the environment. Here, we review cellulose production methods, properties and applications, focusing on the food industry, biomedical materials and electronic devices. We compare vegetal nanocellulose and bacterial cellulose. The increase in the number of publications on nanocellulose is also discussed.

纤维素是植物细胞壁的主要结构成分。纤维素是一种纤维状的，不溶于水的物质，被认为是地球上生物最丰富的聚合物。从工业角度看，植物纤维素在过去100年来一直是木材工业的支柱。植物纤维中纤维素的层级组织和半结晶性质允许使用机械和化学自上而下的解构策略提取纳米纤维和纳米晶体。细菌纤维素也得到了越来越多的研究。细菌纤维素由某些细菌在细胞外分泌的纤维素纳米纤维组成。因此，细菌细菌纤维素是使用自下而上的合成方法获得的。细菌纤维素的独特纳米原纤维结构赋予其优异的物理和机械性能，例如高孔隙率，高弹性模量和高结晶度。由于诸如CO之类的实际化石燃料问题，对纳米纤维素的研究正在加速₂排放，塑料污染和缺乏可再生能源。纳米纤维素材料是无毒，可生物降解和可回收的，对健康和环境没有不利影响。在这里，我们回顾了纤维素的生产方法，特性和应用，重点关注食品工业，生物医学材料和电子设备。我们比较了植物性纳米纤维素和细菌纤维素。还讨论了有关纳米纤维素的出版物数量的增加。