Diversity is key for sustainable weed management and can be achieved via both chemical and nonchemical control tactics. Genetically modified crops with two-way or three-way stacked herbicide-tolerant traits allow use of herbicide mixtures that would otherwise be phytotoxic to the crop. Early weed management (EWM) strategies promote the use of PRE herbicides with residual activity to keep the field free of weeds early in the season for successful crop establishment. To evaluate the respective sustainability and practicality of the two chemical-based management tactics (i.e., stacked traits and EWM), we used a population model of waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer (syn. rudis), to simulate the evolution of resistance in this key weed species in midwestern U.S. soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] agroecosystems. The model tested scenarios with a varying number of herbicide sites of action (SOAs), application timings (PRE and POST), and preexisting levels of resistance. Results showed that both tactics provided opportunity for controlling resistant A. tuberculatus populations. In general, each pass over the field should include at least two effective herbicide SOAs. Nevertheless, the potential evolution of cross-resistance may void the weed control programs embraced by stacked traits and diverse herbicide SOAs. Economic calculations suggested that the diversified programs could double long-term profitability when compared to the conventional system, because of improved yield and grain quality. Ultimately, the essence of a sustainable herbicide resistance management strategy is to be proactive. Although a herbicide-dominated approach to diversifying weed management has been prevalent, the increasing presence of weed populations with multiple resistance means that finding herbicides to which weed populations are still susceptible is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus the importance of reintroducing cultural and mechanical practices to support herbicides must be recognized.

中文翻译：

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模拟堆叠的耐除草剂性状和早期杂草管理策略以控制水麻（Amaranthus tuberculatus）的可持续性和经济性

多样性是可持续杂草管理的关键，可以通过化学和非化学控制策略来实现。具有二元或三元叠加除草剂耐受性状的转基因作物允许使用否则会对作物产生植物毒性的除草剂混合物。早期杂草管理 (EWM) 策略促进使用具有残留活性的 PRE 除草剂，以在季节早期保持田间无杂草，从而成功建立作物。为了评估两种基于化学的管理策略（即堆叠性状和 EWM）各自的可持续性和实用性，我们使用了水麻的种群模型，苋菜（起订量）绍尔（同义词。鲁迪斯)，以模拟美国中西部大豆这一关键杂草品种的抗性演变 [最大甘氨酸(L.) Merr.] 农业生态系统。该模型测试了具有不同数量的除草剂作用位点 (SOA)、施用时间（PRE 和 POST）以及预先存在的抗性水平的情景。结果表明，这两种策略都为控制耐药性提供了机会结核菌属人口。一般而言，每次通过田地时都应包括至少两种有效的除草剂 SOA。然而，交叉抗性的潜在演变可能会使叠加性状和多种除草剂 SOA 所采用的杂草控制计划无效。经济计算表明，由于提高了产量和谷物质量，与传统系统相比，多样化的计划可以使长期盈利翻倍。最终，可持续除草剂抗性管理策略的本质是积极主动。尽管以除草剂为主的多样化杂草管理方法已经盛行，但具有多重抗性的杂草种群的增加意味着寻找杂草种群仍然易感的除草剂变得越来越困难，