The ability to fabricate sensory systems capable of highly selective operation in complex fluid will undoubtedly underpin key future developments in healthcare. However, the abundance of (bio)molecules in these samples can significantly impede performance at the transducing interface where nonspecific adsorption (fouling) can both block specific signal (reducing sensitivity) and greatly reduce assay specificity. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive review discussing concepts and recent advances in the construction of antifouling sensors that are, through the use of chemical, physical, or biological engineering, capable of operating in complex sample matrix (e.g., serum). We specifically highlight a range of molecular approaches to the construction of solid sensory interfaces (planar and nanoparticulate) and their characterization and performance in diverse in vitro and in vivo analyte (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, cells, neuronal transmitters) detection applications via derived selective optical or electrochemical strategies. We specifically highlight those sensors that are capable of detection in complex media or those based on novel architectures/approaches. Finally, we provide perspectives on future developments in this rapidly evolving field.

中文翻译：

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选择性体外和体内传感的防污策略。

制造能够在复杂流体中进行高度选择性操作的传感系统的能力无疑将为医疗保健领域的未来发展奠定基础。但是，这些样品中大量的（生物）分子会显着阻碍转导界面的性能，在该界面上，非特异性吸附（结垢）会阻断特异性信号（降低灵敏度）并大大降低测定的特异性。在此，我们旨在提供全面的综述，讨论防污传感器的概念和最新进展，这些防污传感器通过使用化学，物理或生物工程技术，能够在复杂的样品基质（例如血清）中运行。我们特别着重介绍了一系列分子方法来构建固体感觉界面（平面和纳米颗粒），以及它们在衍生自体内和体外分析物（例如蛋白质，核酸，细胞，神经元递质）的各种检测应用中的表征和性能选择性的光学或电化学策略。我们特别强调那些能够在复杂介质中进行检测的传感器或基于新颖架构/方法的传感器。最后，我们对这个快速发展的领域中的未来发展提供了观点。我们特别强调那些能够在复杂介质中进行检测的传感器或基于新颖架构/方法的传感器。最后，我们对这个快速发展的领域中的未来发展提供了观点。我们特别强调那些能够在复杂介质中进行检测的传感器或基于新颖架构/方法的传感器。最后，我们对这个快速发展的领域中的未来发展提供了观点。