1. Freshwater communities and especially pond‐breeding amphibians are extremely vulnerable to land‐use change, alien species introductions and the use of pesticides or other toxic chemicals, as reflected in their worldwide decline. Effective conservation and management of ponds requires a better understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors that shape diversity patterns and species distribution, especially in cases of habitat loss
2. The present study aimed to reveal and classify which pond and landscape characteristics are the most important determinants for the occurrence patterns of amphibian species as well as for the overall amphibian species richness in an urban pond network. To achieve this aim, 17 biotic and abiotic variables were measured for 61 ponds and the dataset was analysed by means of a machine‐learning approach, suitability indices and co‐occurrence modelling
3. The highest probability of Triturus macedonicus occurrence was found at fishless artificial and semi‐natural ponds. The persistence of Lissotriton graecus in ponds was predicted by high pond connectivity and the absence of fish reflecting the species dispersive potential. Pelophylax kurtmuelleri showed a higher probability of occurrence with increased pond connectivity and macrophyte cover.
4. Amphibian species richness was higher in fishless ponds with well‐oxygenated waters located in sites with a low to intermediate road density network. Ponds categorized as ‘average’ in terms of newt suitability were more frequently inhabited by fish than Triturus macedonicus. Alien fish species showed negative associations with both newt species, while both newt species showed a positive association between them.
5. The results support the view that conserving a greater number of water bodies with increased landscape connectivity and without any fish presence could provide amphibian species with alternative habitat choices, especially in sites with human pressure where pond stability is at stake owing to continuous landscape changes.

中文翻译：

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受外星人约束，景观变化或水质差吗？影响城市池塘网络中两栖动物持久性的因素

1. 淡水社区，尤其是池塘养殖的两栖动物极易受到土地用途变化，外来物种的引进以及农药或其他有毒化学物质的使用的影响，这在全球范围内都呈下降趋势。有效的池塘养护和管理需要对影响多样性和物种分布的生物和非生物因素有更好的了解，尤其是在生境丧失的情况下
2. 本研究旨在揭示和分类哪些池塘和景观特征是决定两栖动物物种发生方式以及城市池塘网络中两栖动物物种丰富度的最重要因素。为了实现这一目标，对61个池塘进行了17种生物和非生物变量的测量，并通过机器学习方法，适用性指标和共现模型对数据集进行了分析。
3. 在无鱼的人工和半自然池塘中发现马其顿小麦发生的可能性最高。高池塘连通性和缺少鱼类反映了该物种的散布潜力，从而预测了淡水虾在池塘中的持久性。在池塘连通性和大型植物覆盖增加的情况下，Pelophylax kurtmuelleri出现的可能性更高。
4. 在道路密度网络较低或中等的地点，在氧气充足的无鱼池塘中，两栖动物的物种丰富度较高。按new适应性分类为“平均”的池塘比Tri藜Triturus macedonicus更为常见。外来鱼类与这两种new表现出负相关，而两种new之间表现出正相关。
5. 结果支持以下观点：保护更多的水体，增加景观连通性，并且不存在任何鱼类，这可能为两栖动物提供替代的栖息地选择，尤其是在由于不断的景观变化而使池塘稳定受到威胁的人为压力的地点。