A series of M_xMo_yO_δ composite oxides (M = Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Bi, Zr, La or Ce) was synthesized and used for the one-pot direct conversion of fructose to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) using atmospheric air as the oxidant. Among these materials, Zr_xMo_yO_δ exhibited the best catalytic performance. Hence, the effects of the Zr/Mo molar ratio and calcination temperature on catalytic performance were investigated in detail and the reaction conditions were also optimized. The highest performing catalyst, Zr₁Mo₂O_δ, produced a DFF yield of 61 % along with the complete conversion of fructose under the optimized reaction conditions. More importantly, this material also exhibited good recycling stability and could be reused five times without a noticeable loss of activity. These Zr_xMo_yO_δ catalysts were characterized using multiple techniques. Zirconium oxide was found to interact strongly with molybdenum oxide species via the formation of Zr(MoO₄)₂, thus producing a large number of surface chemisorbed oxygen species. The close linear correlation between DFF yield and surface chemisorbed oxygen confirmed that these oxygen species were the primary active sites for the oxidation reaction.

一系列M的_X沫_ý ö _δ复合氧化物（M =钙，锰，铁，钴，镍，铜，锌，Y，铋，锆，La和Ce）的合成和用于一锅直接转换使用大气作为氧化剂将果糖转化为2,5-二甲酰呋喃（DFF）。在这些材料中，Zr的_X沫_ý ö _δ表现出最佳的催化性能。因此，详细研究了Zr / Mo摩尔比和煅烧温度对催化性能的影响，并优化了反应条件。最高性能的催化剂，锆₁沫₂ ö _δ，在优化的反应条件下，果糖的DFF产率为61％，果糖完全转化。更重要的是，这种材料还表现出良好的循环稳定性，可以重复使用五次而不会造成明显的活性损失。这些锆_X沫_ý ö _δ使用多种技术催化剂进行了表征。发现氧化锆通过形成Zr（MoO ₄）₂与氧化钼物质强烈相互作用，从而产生大量表面化学吸附的氧物质。DFF产率和表面化学吸附的氧之间的线性密切相关性证实了这些氧是氧化反应的主要活性部位。