The development of "green" water disinfection technology utilizing solar energy is highly desired but remains challenging. In this study, sulfate radical (•SO4-)-mediated bacterial inactivation was first attempted by using Fe3O4-based magnetic hydrochar (MHC) as a recyclable catalyst for persulfate (PS) activation under visible light (VL) irradiation. Complete treatment of 8.0 log E. coli cells was reached within 40 min in VL/PS/MHC system, compared with that of only 2.0 log-reduction was obtained in the PS/MHC system under the same conditions. The system was applicable in wide range of pH (3.0-9.0), and increasing dissolved O2 could further promote the efficiency. A three-route mechanism was proposed, in which the PS activation by ≡Fe(II) of Fe3O4 and photo-generated electron captured by PS were the major processes. The bacterial cell lesion process was found to be triggered directly via •SO4-, which caused the damage of outer membrane, followed by up-regulation of intracellular ROSs and destroy of chromosomal DNA, finally leading to irreversible cell death. Moreover, the VL/PS/MHC system is also effective to inactivate versatile pathogenic bacteria including P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. As a proof-of-concept, our study provides meaningful information to advance the areas of "green" water disinfection technology which can be realized by recyclable photocatalytic systems using solar energy.

中文翻译：

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磁性水蒸气对过硫酸盐的可见光活化，可用于细菌灭活：效率，可回收性和机理。

迫切需要开发利用太阳能的“绿色”水消毒技术，但仍具有挑战性。在这项研究中，硫酸根基（•SO4-）介导的细菌失活首先是通过使用基于Fe3O4的磁性水力炭（MHC）作为可见光（VL）辐射下过硫酸盐（PS）活化的可回收催化剂来进行的。在VL / PS / MHC系统中，可以在40分钟内完成8.0 log E. coli细胞的完全处理，而在相同条件下，PS / MHC系统中只有2.0 log减少。该系统适用于广泛的pH（3.0-9.0），增加溶解的O2可以进一步提高效率。提出了一种三途径机理，其中≡Fe（II）对Fe3O4的激活和PS捕获的光生电子是主要过程。发现细菌细胞病变过程是直接通过•SO4-引发的，它引起外膜的破坏，随后细胞内ROS的上调和染色体DNA的破坏，最终导致不可逆的细胞死亡。此外，VL / PS / MHC系统还可以有效灭活包括铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在内的多种致病细菌。作为概念验证，我们的研究为推进“绿色”水消毒技术领域提供了有意义的信息，该技术可以通过使用太阳能的可回收光催化系统来实现。VL / PS / MHC系统还可以有效灭活包括铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在内的多种致病细菌。作为概念验证，我们的研究为推进“绿色”水消毒技术领域提供了有意义的信息，该技术可以通过使用太阳能的可回收光催化系统来实现。VL / PS / MHC系统还可以有效灭活包括铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在内的多种致病细菌。作为概念验证，我们的研究为推进“绿色”水消毒技术领域提供了有意义的信息，该技术可以通过使用太阳能的可回收光催化系统来实现。