β-Lactam antibiotics are the most commonly used antibiotics, and are difficult to remove by conventional biological treatments because of their persistent and toxic nature. The addition of co-substrates has been successfully employed to improve the removal of refractory pollutants. So, we hypothesized that the co-substrate strategy would increase antibiotic degradation and benefit microbial survival. In this work, we reported that co-substrate (acetate) addition up-regulated key degrading enzymes and resistance related genes in a model bacteria strain (L. aquatilis) when being treated with 0.055 mM amoxicillin (AMO). β-Lactamase, amidases, transaminase, and amide C-N hydrolase showed increased activation. As a result, AMO removal reached ∼95 %, a ∼60 % increase over the control. Furthermore, the addition of acetate drove the down-stream TCA cycle, which accelerated the detoxification of the intermediates and reduced the microbial inhibition by the antibiotic products to as low as ∼15 %. Besides, the expression levels of genes encoding the efflux pump, penicillin binding proteins, and β-Lactamase were up-regulated, and the inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis was down-regulated. The cell density was enhanced by ∼170 % and showed improved DNA replication. In conclusion, the addition of the co-substrate accelerated AMO degradation and detoxification by up-regulating degrading enzymes and promoting cell resistance.

中文翻译：

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共底物的添加通过上调降解相关的酶并促进细胞抗性而加速了阿莫西林的降解和解毒。

β-内酰胺类抗生素是最常用的抗生素，由于其持久性和毒性性质，很难通过常规生物处理去除。共底物的添加已成功用于改善耐火污染物的去除。因此，我们假设共底物策略将增加抗生素降解并有益于微生物存活。在这项工作中，我们报道了当用0.055 mM阿莫西林（AMO）处理时，共底物（醋酸盐）的添加上调了模型细菌菌株（水产乳杆菌）中的关键降解酶和抗性相关基因。β-内酰胺酶，酰胺酶，转氨酶和酰胺CN水解酶显示增加的活化。结果，AMO去除率达到约95％，比对照提高了约60％。此外，醋酸盐的加入推动了下游TCA循环，它加速了中间体的解毒过程，并将抗生素产品对微生物的抑制作用降低至约15％。此外，编码外排泵，青霉素结合蛋白和β-内酰胺酶的基因的表达水平被上调，而肽聚糖生物合成的抑制被下调。细胞密度提高了约170％，并显示出改善的DNA复制。总之，共底物的添加通过上调降解酶和促进细胞抵抗力来加速AMO降解和解毒。肽聚糖生物合成的抑制作用被下调。细胞密度提高了约170％，并显示出改善的DNA复制。总之，共底物的添加通过上调降解酶和促进细胞抵抗力来加速AMO降解和解毒。肽聚糖生物合成的抑制作用被下调。细胞密度提高了约170％，并显示出改善的DNA复制。总之，共底物的添加通过上调降解酶和促进细胞抵抗力来加速AMO降解和解毒。