Seafood is a major source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The intake of these globally distributed and bioaccumulative contaminants depends on both consumption patterns (which seafoods are consumed) and on their origins. Here, we investigate exposure to PBDEs through seafood consumption as a function of species, origins and consumption levels. We estimate the contribution of seafood consumption to PBDE exposures in the Swiss population using two approaches. The first approach estimates exposures by estimating the composition of the Swiss seafood diet using trade data and national statistics on total seafood consumption. This naïve approach could be used for any country for which no individually reported consumption data are available for a population. The second approach uses dietary survey data provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office as part of the menuCH study for exposure estimates. To support region- and species-specific estimates of exposures for both approaches, we built a database of PBDE concentrations in seafood by analysis of published PBDE levels in fish from food markets or freshwater resources from various countries. We find estimated PBDE exposures ranging from 0.15 to 0.65 ng/kg bw/day for the trade data-based diet. These were close to the median exposures of 0.68 ng/kg bw/day for the Swiss population based on the menuCH survey, indicating that the composition and consumption rate derived from trade data are appropriate for calculating exposures in the average adult population. However, it could not account for PBDE exposures of more vulnerable (high seafood consuming) populations captured only by the survey data. All estimates were lower than the PBDE Chronic Oral Reference Doses (RfD’s) suggested by the EPA, but could increase substantially to a value of 7 ng/kg bw/day if fish are sourced from the most contaminated origins, as in the case of Vietnamese shrimp/prawn, Norwegian salmon, and Swiss whitefish. Exposures as high as 8.50 ng/kg bw/day are estimated for the survey-based diet, which better captures the variability in consumption by individuals, including extreme high and low values. In general, the most frequently consumed species reported by Swiss consumers are consistent with those predicted using trade data.

海鲜是人类接触多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）的主要来源。这些全球分布和具有生物累积性的污染物的摄入量取决于消费方式（食用哪种海鲜）及其来源。在这里，我们调查了通过海鲜消费与种类，起源和消费水平有关的多溴二苯醚暴露量。我们使用两种方法估算了海鲜消费对瑞士人口中多溴二苯醚暴露的贡献。第一种方法是通过使用贸易数据和有关海产品总消费量的国家统计数据来估算瑞士海产品饮食的构成来估算暴露量。这种天真的方法可以用于任何没有单独报告的人口消费数据的国家。第二种方法是使用瑞士联邦统计局提供的饮食调查数据作为menuCH研究的一部分，以进行接触估计。为了支持这两种方法的区域和物种特定暴露量估算，我们通过分析来自食品市场或各国淡水资源的鱼类中已公布的多溴二苯醚含量，建立了海鲜中多溴二苯醚浓度的数据库。我们发现，基于贸易数据的饮食估计的多溴二苯醚暴露量为0.15至0.65 ng / kg bw /天。根据menuCH调查，这些数据接近瑞士人口的平均暴露量0.68 ng / kg bw /天，表明从贸易数据得出的构成和消费率适合计算成年人口的暴露量。然而，它不能解释仅由调查数据捕获的较脆弱（海产品高消费）人群的多溴二苯醚暴露量。所有估算值均低于EPA建议的PBDE慢性口服参考剂量（RfD's），但如果鱼来自受污染最严重的来源，则可能会大幅增加至7 ng / kg bw /天，例如越南人虾/虾，挪威鲑鱼和瑞士白鲑。基于调查的饮食估计每天摄入量高达8.50 ng / kg体重，这可以更好地捕捉个人消费的差异，包括极高和极低的数值。总的来说，瑞士消费者报告的最常消费物种与使用贸易数据预测的物种一致。所有估算值均低于EPA建议的PBDE慢性口服参考剂量（RfD's），但如果鱼类来自受污染最严重的来源，则可能会大幅增加至7 ng / kg bw /天，例如越南人虾/虾，挪威鲑鱼和瑞士白鲑。基于调查的饮食估计每天摄入量高达8.50 ng / kg体重，这可以更好地捕捉个人消费的差异，包括极高和极低的数值。总的来说，瑞士消费者报告的最常消费物种与使用贸易数据预测的物种一致。所有估算值均低于EPA建议的PBDE慢性口服参考剂量（RfD's），但如果鱼来自受污染最严重的来源，则可能会大幅增加至7 ng / kg bw /天，例如越南人虾/虾，挪威鲑鱼和瑞士白鲑。基于调查的饮食估计每天摄入量高达8.50 ng / kg体重，这可以更好地捕捉个人消费的差异，包括极高和极低的数值。总的来说，瑞士消费者报告的最常消费物种与使用贸易数据预测的物种一致。基于调查的饮食估计每天摄入量高达8.50 ng / kg体重，这可以更好地捕捉个人消费的差异，包括极高和极低的数值。总的来说，瑞士消费者报告的最常消费物种与使用贸易数据预测的物种一致。基于调查的饮食估计每天摄入量高达8.50 ng / kg体重，这可以更好地捕捉个人消费的差异，包括极高和极低的数值。总的来说，瑞士消费者报告的最常消费物种与使用贸易数据预测的物种一致。