The gut microbiome can vary across differences in host lifestyle, geography, and host species. By comparing closely related host species across varying lifestyles and geography, we can evaluate the relative contributions of these factors in structuring the composition and functions of the microbiome. Here we show that the gut microbial taxa, microbial gene family composition, and resistomes of great apes and humans are more related by host lifestyle than geography. We show that captive chimpanzees and gorillas are enriched for microbial genera commonly found in non-Westernized humans. Captive ape microbiomes also had up to ~34-fold higher abundance and up to ~5-fold higher richness of all antibiotic resistance genes compared with wild apes. Through functional metagenomics, we identified a number of novel antibiotic resistance genes, including a gene conferring resistance to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort. Finally, by comparing our study cohorts to human and ape gut microbiomes from a diverse range of environments and lifestyles, we find that the influence of host lifestyle is robust to various geographic locations.

中文翻译：

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黑猩猩，大猩猩和人类的微生物群和抵抗群贯穿宿主的生活习惯和地理位置。

肠道微生物组的宿主生活方式，地理和宿主物种的差异会有所不同。通过比较不同生活方式和地理区域中密切相关的寄主物种，我们可以评估这些因素在构建微生物组的组成和功能方面的相对贡献。在这里，我们显示肠道宿主的微生物分类群，微生物基因家族组成以及大猿猴和人类的抗虫基因组与寄主生活方式的相关程度远高于地理因素。我们显示，圈养的黑猩猩和大猩猩富含非西方人类常见的微生物属。与野生猿相比，圈养猿类微生物群的所有抗生素抗性基因的丰度也高约〜34倍，丰度高约5倍。通过功能宏基因组学，我们鉴定了许多新的抗生素抗性基因，包括赋予对粘菌素抗性的基因，粘菌素是最后的抗生素。最后，通过将我们的研究人群与来自各种环境和生活方式的人类和猿类肠道微生物组进行比较，我们发现宿主生活方式对各种地理位置的影响都很强。