Obesogenic food environments may influence dietary behaviours and contribute to obesity. Few countries quantified changes in their foodscape. We explored how the availability of different types of food retailers has changed in the Netherlands across levels of neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and urbanisation. This longitudinal ecological study conducted in the Netherlands had as unit of analysis administrative neighbourhoods. From 2004 to 2018, the geographic location and type of each food retailer were objectively assessed by a commercial company. Food retailers were categorised as local food shops, fast food restaurants, food delivery, restaurants, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Information on neighbourhood SES and urbanisation was obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). To test the change in the counts of food retailers we used negative binomial generalized estimating equations (GEE), with neighbourhoods as the group variable, time as the independent variable and the counts of each type of food retailer as outcome. To account for changes in population density, analyses were adjusted for the number of inhabitants per neighbourhood. We tested effect modification by adding an interaction term for neighbourhood SES and urbanisation to the models. In Dutch neighbourhoods between 2004 and 2018, a 120 and 35% increase was found in the count of food delivery outlets and restaurants, respectively, and a 24% decrease in count of local food shops. Stratified analyses showed an increase in the availability of supermarkets and convenience stores in the more urbanised and lower SES neighbourhoods, while a decrease was observed in the less urbanised and higher SES neighbourhoods. We observed considerable changes in the Dutch foodscape. Over a 14 years period, the foodscape changed towards a higher availability of food retailers offering convenience and ready-to-eat foods. These findings can help policy makers aiming to promote a healthier food environment and obesity prevention.

中文翻译：

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荷兰美食界的最新变化：社会经济和城乡差异。

致肥胖的食物环境可能会影响饮食行为并导致肥胖。很少有国家量化其粮食景观的变化。我们探讨了荷兰各地社区社会经济地位（SES）和城市化水平如何改变各种类型的食品零售商的供应情况。在荷兰进行的这项纵向生态研究以行政区为分析单位。从2004年到2018年，一家食品公司客观评估了每个食品零售商的地理位置和类型。食品零售商被分类为当地食品商店，快餐店，食品配送，餐厅，超级市场和便利店。有关社区SES和城市化的信息可从中央统计局（CBS）获得。为了检验食品零售商数量的变化，我们使用负二项式广义估计方程（GEE），其中邻域为组变量，时间为自变量，每种食品零售商的数量为结果。为了说明人口密度的变化，对每个社区的居民数量进行了分析调整。我们通过在模型中添加邻域SES和城市化的交互项来测试效果修改。在2004年至2018年之间的荷兰社区中，送餐点和餐厅的数量分别增加了120％和35％，本地食品店的数量减少了24％。分层分析显示，在城市化程度较高和SES较低的社区中，超市和便利店的供应量有所增加，而在城市化程度较低和SES较高的社区中，这一比例有所下降。我们观察到荷兰美食界发生了巨大变化。在14年的时间里，美食界向着提供方便和即食食品的食品零售商提供更高数量的方向转变。这些发现可以帮助旨在促进健康食品环境和预防肥胖症的决策者。