Biosynthesis of nanomaterials using natural and biological materials as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents is an important field of biomaterial science, nanoscience, and nanobiotechnology. Relative to conventional approaches for the assembly of nanomaterial deploying hazardous and dangerous resources, bioinspired synthesis using bacteria has significant advantages of cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness besides being a sustainable, nontoxic, and inexpensive option. Additionally, bacteria can be used for the bioreduction and biorecovery of heavy metal ions. Bacterial cells, as efficient biofactories, have significant ability to bioreduce metal ions that can be obtained as nanocrystals of varying morphologies and sizes. In this regard, bacteria-assisted nanoparticle synthesis and the associated parameters need to be optimized, comprehensively. The developments in nanoparticle biosynthesis domain conform to the green chemistry principles that minimize the use of hazardous materials and maximize the safety and sustainability of the nanoparticle preparation. In this review, important issues pertaining to bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using bacteria are highlighted including the mechanistic aspects of the bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles.

中文翻译：

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重金属修复和纳米生物合成中的细菌

使用天然和生物材料作为还原剂，稳定剂和封端剂进行纳米材料的生物合成是生物材料科学，纳米科学和纳米生物技术的重要领域。相对于使用危险和危险资源的纳米材料组装的常规方法，使用细菌进行生物启发式合成具有成本效益和生态友好性的显着优势，除了是可持续，无毒且廉价的选择。另外，细菌可用于重金属离子的生物还原和生物回收。细菌细胞，作为有效的生物工厂，具有生物还原金属离子的显着能力，这些金属离子可以作为形态和大小各异的纳米晶体获得。在这方面，需要优化细菌辅助的纳米颗粒合成及其相关参数，全面地。纳米颗粒生物合成领域的发展符合绿色化学原理，该原理最大程度地减少了有害物质的使用，并使纳米颗粒制剂的安全性和可持续性最大化。在这篇综述中，与细菌利用金属纳米颗粒的生物积累，生物转化和生物合成有关的重要问题被重点介绍，包括纳米颗粒细菌合成的机械方面。