1. The presence of predators is known to suppress prey populations not only by consumptive but also by non‐consumptive effects, as it stresses the prey inducing costly changes to behaviour and physiology. However, there is recent evidence that disturbance from non‐predacious, non‐competing commensals can also negatively affect herbivore performance.

中文翻译：

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苍蝇干扰抑制蚜虫种群增长

1. 众所周知，捕食者的存在不仅通过消耗性作用而且通过非消耗性作用抑制猎物种群，因为它强调猎物会导致行为和生理发生代价高昂的变化。然而，最近有证据表明，来自非捕食性、非竞争性共生体的干扰也会对食草动物的表现产生负面影响。