Interactions between polyphenols and gut microbiota are indeed a major issue of current interest in food science research. Knowledge in this subject is progressing as the experimental procedures and analysis techniques do. The aim of this paper is to critically review the more leading-edge approaches that have been applied so far in the study of the interactions between grape/wine polyphenols and gut microbiota. This is the case of in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal simulation models that try to mitigate the limitations of simple static models (batch culture fermentations). More complex approaches include the experimentation with animals (mice, rats, pigs, lambs and chicks) and nutritional intervention studies in humans. Main advantages and limitations as well as the most relevant findings achieved by each approach in the study of how grape/wine polyphenols can modulate the composition and/or functionality of gut microbiota, are detailed. Also, common findings obtained by the three approaches (in vitro, animal models and human nutritional interventions) such as the fact that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio tends to decrease after the feed/intake/consumption of grape/wine polyphenols are highlighted. Additionally, a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) model, previously used for investigating the mechanisms of processes such as aging, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and inflammation, is presented as an emerging approach for the study of polyphenols interacting gut microbiota. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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研究葡萄和葡萄酒多酚与肠道微生物群相互作用的当前和未来实验方法

多酚与肠道微生物群之间的相互作用确实是当前食品科学研究中的一个主要问题。随着实验程序和分析技术的发展，该主题的知识也在不断发展。本文的目的是批判性地回顾迄今为止在葡萄/葡萄酒多酚与肠道微生物群之间相互作用研究中应用的更前沿的方法。体外动态胃肠模拟模型就是这种情况，它试图减轻简单静态模型（分批培养发酵）的局限性。更复杂的方法包括动物实验（小鼠、大鼠、猪、羊羔和小鸡）和人类营养干预研究。详细介绍了每种方法在研究葡萄/葡萄酒多酚如何调节肠道微生物群的组成和/或功能方面的主要优点和局限性以及最相关的发现。此外，通过三种方法（体外、动物模型和人类营养干预）获得的共同发现，例如在葡萄/葡萄酒多酚的进料/摄入/消耗后，厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例趋于降低的事实。此外，线虫（秀丽隐杆线虫）模型以前用于研究衰老、神经变性、氧化应激和炎症等过程的机制，作为研究多酚与肠道微生物群相互作用的新兴方法。本文受版权保护。版权所有。