The impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be modulated by other changing environmental conditions (e.g. induced by land‐use change). The potential interactive effects of climate change and land use have rarely been studied for soil organisms. To test the effects of changing climatic conditions and land use on soil invertebrates, we examined earthworm communities across different seasons in different grassland‐use types (intensively managed grassland, extensively managed meadow and extensively managed sheep pasture). We predicted that the strength of climate change effects would vary with season and land use. Overall, extracted earthworm populations showed the strongest variations in response to the season, indicating major differences in activity patterns and extraction efficiency, whereas climate change and different grassland‐use types had fewer and weaker effects. Future climate, characterized by slightly higher precipitation in spring and autumn but a strong reduction during the summer, had positive effects on the abundance of extracted adult earthworms in spring but then reduced the abundance of active earthworms across the remaining seasons. In contrast, the total biomass of juveniles tended to be consistently lower under future climate conditions. Earthworm species responded differently to the climate change and different grassland management types, and these species‐specific responses further varied strongly across seasons. Intensive grassland management had negative effects, due to plant community composition, whereas sheep grazing favoured earthworm populations, due to dung deposition. There were only limited interactive effects between climate and land use, which thus did not support our main hypothesis. Nevertheless, these results highlight the complex and context‐dependent responses of earthworm communities and activity patterns to climate change, with potential consequences for long‐term population dynamics and crucial ecosystem functions.

中文翻译：

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草地管理对环境和未来气候条件下earth群落的影响

气候变化对生物多样性的影响可以通过其他变化的环境条件来调节（例如由土地利用变化引起的）。很少研究土壤生物对气候变化和土地利用的潜在相互作用的影响。为了测试气候条件和土地利用变化对土壤无脊椎动物的影响，我们检查了不同季节的不同草地用途类型（集约经营的草地，集约经营的草地和集约经营的绵羊牧场）的earth群落。我们预测气候变化影响的强度会随季节和土地使用而变化。总体而言，extracted提取物种群对季节的响应变化最大，表明活动模式和提取效率存在重大差异，而气候变化和不同草地用途类型的影响则越来越小。未来气候的特征是春季和秋季的降水量略有增加，但夏季则明显减少，这对春季提取的成年earth的丰度产生了积极影响，但随后的剩余季节却减少了活动性earth的丰度。相反，在未来的气候条件下，少年的总生物量趋向于降低。worm物种对气候变化和不同草地管理类型的反应不同，这些物种特定的反应在各个季节之间也存在很大差异。由于植物群落组成的原因，集约化的草地管理产生了负面影响，而由于粪便沉积，放牧绵羊有利于earth种群。气候与土地利用之间的相互作用只有有限的相互作用，因此不支持我们的主要假设。但是，这些结果突出了worm群落和活动模式对气候变化的复杂且依赖于上下文的响应，这可能对长期种群动态和关键的生态系统功能产生潜在的影响。