Species‐specific shifts in phenology (timing of periodic life cycle events) are occurring with climate change and are already disrupting interactions within and among trophic levels. Phenological phase duration (e.g. beginning to end of flowering) and complementarity (patterns of nonoverlap), and their responses to changing conditions, will be important determinants of species' adaptive capacity to these shifts. Evidence indicates that extension of phenological duration of mutualistic partners could buffer negative impacts that occur with phenological shifts. Therefore, we suggest that techniques to extend the length of phenological duration will contribute to management of systems experiencing phenological asynchrony. Techniques of phenological phase extension discussed include the role of abiotic heterogeneity, genetic and species diversity, and alteration of population timing. We explore these approaches with the goal of creating a framework to build adaptive capacity and address phenological asynchrony in plant–animal mutualisms under climate change.

中文翻译：

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管理不匹配？物候相扩展作为一种管理植物-动物共生中物候异步的策略

物种特异性的物候变化（周期性生命周期事件的计时）随着气候变化而发生，并且已经破坏了营养级内部和营养级之间的相互作用。物候阶段的持续时间（例如开花开始到结束）和互补性（非重叠模式），以及它们对变化的条件的响应，将成为决定物种对这些变化的适应能力的重要决定因素。有证据表明，延长互助伙伴的物候持续时间可以缓冲因物候变化而产生的负面影响。因此，我们建议延长物候持续时间长度的技术将有助于管理发生物候异步的系统。物候相扩展技术讨论的内容包括非生物异质性，遗传和物种多样性以及种群时间变化的作用。我们探索这些方法的目的是创建一个框架，以建立适应能力并解决气候变化下植物与动物相互关系中的物候异步问题。