Grasslands are extensive, surprisingly biodiverse, highly altered by humans, and not as well protected as other biomes. Restoration provides an opportunity to reverse degradation and increase local biodiversity. Here, I review emerging issues that will become increasingly important to the science and practice of restoration ecology. First, the global change dilemma. Restorations typically target species that were dominant before the Industrial Revolution, in effect, looking back in time. However, increasing atmospheric CO₂ and methane, temperature, and nutrients, which are already having significant effects, will result in novel conditions that are unlike the past. Biotic introductions have occurred concurrently with climate change, altering the seed bank and propagule pressure from surroundings. Designing seed mixes with high diversity will increase the likelihood that species will be present that respond favorably to changes. Second, more research is needed on persistence as a long‐term measure of stability. What is perhaps most important to restoration is how persistent restorations are on decade to century scales, and restorations are now of sufficient quantity and age to test questions about persistence. Third, the importance of stochastic processes due to priority effects has been supported by recent studies and have challenged the deterministic assembly model. Target species establishment could be improved by changing the order of introduction of species. Finally, grasslands provide many ecosystem services to society, including nutrient capture, food production, carbon storage, tourism and recreation, and nectar and pollen production. Grasslands are important culturally as outdoor science laboratories. For these reasons, I suggest that grasslands provide an excellent model system for restoration ecology.

中文翻译：

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面对变化的气候进行恢复：持久性，优先效应和物种多样性的重要性

草原是广泛的，令人惊讶的生物多样性，被人类高度改变，并且没有其他生物群落保护得那么好。恢复为扭转退化和增加当地生物多样性提供了机会。在这里，我回顾了新兴问题，这些问题对于恢复生态学的科学和实践将变得越来越重要。首先，全球变化的困境。恢复通常针对的是实际上在工业革命之前占主导地位的物种。但是，大气中的CO ₂增加甲烷，温度和营养素已经产生重大影响，将导致出现与过去不同的新颖条件。生物引入与气候变化同时发生，从而改变了种子库和周围环境的繁殖压力。设计具有高度多样性的种子混合物将增加出现对变化有良好反应的物种的可能性。其次，需要对持久性作为稳定性的长期度量进行更多的研究。对于恢复而言，最重要的可能是持久恢复在十年到世纪之内的规模，并且现在恢复的数量和年龄足以测试关于持久性的问题。第三，最近的研究支持了由于优先级效应而导致的随机过程的重要性，并挑战了确定性装配模型。通过改变物种引进的顺序可以改善目标物种的建立。最后，草原为社会提供了许多生态系统服务，包括营养捕获，粮食生产，碳储存，旅游和休闲以及花蜜和花粉生产。草原作为户外科学实验室在文化上很重要。由于这些原因，我建议草原为恢复生态学提供一个很好的模型系统。以及花蜜和花粉的生产。草原作为户外科学实验室在文化上很重要。由于这些原因，我建议草原为恢复生态学提供一个很好的模型系统。以及花蜜和花粉的生产。草原作为户外科学实验室在文化上很重要。由于这些原因，我建议草原为恢复生态学提供一个很好的模型系统。