Invasive species are among the main threats to grassland biodiversity, and nature conservation management seeks the best methods to eliminate them and to restore natural habitats. We studied the long-term effect of mowing on the restoration of Pannonian sand grassland after elimination of invasive black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) plantation in Hungary, Europe. Stands of R. pseudo-acacia at three sites were felled and stumps herbicide-treated in the winter of 1994–1995. Mowing with hay removal treatment was applied twice a year in 1995–2001 to assist grassland recovery. A block of 12 adjacent plots of 10 m by 10 m was assigned for the experiment at each site, with six control (unmowed) and six treatment (mowed) plots randomly selected. Vegetation was sampled in June and August yearly in 1995–1999 in all sites, plus in seminatural reference grasslands then re-sampled six times until 2017 in two sites. Herbicide application with repeated mowing successfully eliminated R. pseudo-acacia. In the unmowed plots, dense woody cover developed at all sites. Vegetation of mowed plots approached the reference grasslands in sites with better propagule availability of target species according to trajectory analyses. In these sites, higher cover of target species was found in mowed compared to unmowed plots, though still significantly lower than in the reference. Mowed plots were more prone to secondary invasion than the unmowed. The long-termmonitoring revealed that initial mowing assisted the restoration of Pannonian sand grassland, but further management is needed to control secondary invasion and increase target species cover.

中文翻译：

---

割草对恢复潘诺尼亚沙草地以替代侵入性黑蝗人工林的长期影响

入侵物种是草原生物多样性的主要威胁之一，自然保护管理寻求消除它们并恢复自然栖息地的最佳方法。我们研究了在欧洲匈牙利消灭入侵的刺槐（刺槐）种植园后，割草对潘诺尼亚沙草地恢复的长期影响。1994-1995 年冬天，三个地点的刺槐林被砍伐，树桩被除草剂处理。1995 年至 2001 年间，每年进行两次割草除草处理，以帮助草原恢复。在每个地点为试验分配了 12 个 10 m x 10 m 的相邻小区，随机选择了六个对照（未割草）和六个处理（割草）小区。在 1995-1999 年间，每年 6 月和 8 月对所有地点的植被进行采样，加上半自然参考草原，然后在两个地点重新采样六次，直到 2017 年。反复修剪除草剂成功地消除了刺槐。在未割草的地块中，所有地点都发育茂密的木质覆盖物。根据轨迹分析，在目标物种的繁殖可用性更好的地点，割草地块的植被接近参考草原。在这些地点，与未修剪的地块相比，修剪过的地块中的目标物种覆盖率更高，但仍显着低于参考中的覆盖率。割过的地块比未割过的地块更容易发生二次入侵。长期监测表明，初始割草有助于潘诺尼亚沙草地的恢复，但需要进一步管理以控制二次入侵并增加目标物种覆盖度。