Ensuring ecosystem resilience is an intuitive approach to safeguard the functioning of ecosystems and hence the future provisioning of ecosystem services (ES). However, resilience is a multi‐faceted concept that is difficult to operationalize. Focusing on resilience mechanisms, such as diversity, network architectures or adaptive capacity, has recently been suggested as means to operationalize resilience. Still, the focus on mechanisms is not specific enough. We suggest a conceptual framework, resilience trinity, to facilitate management based on resilience mechanisms in three distinctive decision contexts and time‐horizons: 1) reactive, when there is an imminent threat to ES resilience and a high pressure to act, 2) adjustive, when the threat is known in general but there is still time to adapt management and 3) provident, when time horizons are very long and the nature of the threats is uncertain, leading to a low willingness to act. Resilience has different interpretations and implications at these different time horizons, which also prevail in different disciplines. Social ecology, ecology and engineering are often implicitly focussing on provident, adjustive or reactive resilience, respectively, but these different notions of resilience and their corresponding social, ecological and economic tradeoffs need to be reconciled. Otherwise, we keep risking unintended consequences of reactive actions, or shying away from provident action because of uncertainties that cannot be reduced. The suggested trinity of time horizons and their decision contexts could help ensuring that longer‐term management actions are not missed while urgent threats to ES are given priority.

中文翻译：

---

弹性三位一体：在三个不同的时间范围和决策环境中维护生态系统的功能和服务

确保生态系统的复原力是一种直观的方法，可以维护生态系统的功能，从而保护未来的生态系统服务（ES）。但是，弹性是一个多方面的概念，难以实施。最近，有人建议将精力集中在弹性机制上，例如多样性，网络架构或自适应能力，作为实现弹性的手段。但是，对机制的关注还不够具体。我们建议建立一个概念框架，即弹性三位一体，以在三个独特的决策环境和时间范围内基于弹性机制促进管理：1）反应性，即对ES弹性的迫在眉睫的威胁和强烈的行动压力时； 2）调整性；当威胁普遍已知但尚有时间调整管理层和3）公积金时，当时间跨度很长且威胁的性质不确定时，就会导致行动意愿降低。在这些不同的时间范围内，弹性具有不同的解释和含义，这在不同学科中也很普遍。社会生态学，生态学和工程学通常隐含地侧重于公有，适应性或反应性复原力，但是这些不同的复原力概念及其相应的社会，生态和经济权衡需要调和。否则，由于无法避免的不确定性，我们将冒着反应性行动意外后果的风险，或者避开公积金行动。建议的时间范围及其决策环境的三位一体可以帮助确保在优先考虑对ES的紧急威胁的情况下，不会错过长期的管理措施。