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Thresholds in Woody and Herbaceous Component Coexistence Inform the Restoration of a Fire‐Dependent Community
Applied Vegetation Science ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-02 , DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12483
Andrew L. Vander Yacht 1 , Patrick D. Keyser 2 , Charles Kwit 2 , Michael C. Stambaugh 3 , Wayne K. Clatterbuck 2
Affiliation  

QUESTIONS: A paradoxical co‐existence challenges woodland and savanna restoration worldwide: How are shade‐intolerant, flammable herbaceous layers promoted while maintaining the shade‐casting, more fire‐sensitive woody regeneration that sustains overstorey structure? Where restoration success consisted of robust, diverse herbaceous layers and vigorous, well‐stocked Pinus echinata regeneration (hereafter, shortleaf‐bluestem response), we asked: are there targetable conditions of overstorey, understorey, topography, and proximity to mature Pinus echinata that simultaneously maximize desired woody and herbaceous understorey components? Do these conditions and dependent responses differ across canopy disturbance level and fire season? LOCATION: Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA (36°04′8.11″ N, 84°50′38.36″ W). METHODS: We measured 12 shortleaf‐bluestem response and 17 explanatory condition variables at 345 plots spanning an experimental restoration gradient (canopy disturbance level and fire season combinations). We ordinated variation and identified response thresholds using a multivariate regression tree. Differences across tree groupings and splits associated response thresholds with specific explanatory conditions. RESULTS: Pockets of substantial Pinus echinata regeneration (>3,000 stems/ha), C₄ grass density (>40,000 ramets/ha), and herbaceous diversity (increase from 22 to 205 species) occurred 7–14 years after canopy disturbance and 3–8 fires. Such shortleaf‐bluestem response was maximized at 3 m²/ha residual tree basal area, 11% canopy closure, reduced midstorey density (5,000 small‐sapling stems/ha), and southwesterly aspects within 70 m of mature Pinus echinata. In contrast, shortleaf‐bluestem response was negligible at 11.3 m²/ha basal area and 68% canopy closure. Fire season, snag basal area, slope, and slope position effects were minimal. CONCLUSIONS: We identified specific conditions fostering the co‐existence of desired herbaceous and woody understorey components, addressing a major woodland and savanna restoration challenge and expanding on previous threshold concept applications by simultaneously considering multiple desired responses. Results can direct the restoration of imperiled shortleaf‐bluestem communities east of the Mississippi River, USA, where work has been scarce or ineffective, and similar approaches could inform fire‐dependent woodland and savanna restoration worldwide.

中文翻译:

木本和草本成分共存的阈值为依赖火灾的社区的恢复提供信息

问题:自相矛盾的共存挑战着全球林地和稀树草原的恢复:如何促进不耐阴、易燃的草本层,同时保持遮荫、对火更敏感的木质再生,从而维持上层结构?在恢复成功包括健壮、多样的草本层和旺盛、储备充足的松树再生(以下称为短叶蓝茎反应)的情况下,我们问:是否有目标条件,即上层、下层、地形和接近成熟的松树,同时最大化所需的木质和草本下层成分?这些条件和相关反应是否因冠层干扰水平和火灾季节而异?位置:美国田纳西州坎伯兰高原(北纬 36°04′8.11″,西经 84°50′38.36″)。方法:我们在跨越实验恢复梯度(冠层干扰水平和火灾季节组合)的 345 个地块上测量了 12 个短叶蓝茎响应和 17 个解释条件变量。我们使用多元回归树来协调变化并确定响应阈值。树分组之间的差异并用特定的解释条件拆分相关的响应阈值。结果:在冠层扰动后 7-14 年和 3-8 年出现大量紫锥菊再生(>3,000 茎/公顷)、C₄ 草密度(>40,000 分株/公顷)和草本多样性(从 22 种增加到 205 种)火灾。这种短叶蓝茎响应在 3 平方米/公顷的剩余树基面积、11% 的树冠关闭、降低的中间层密度(5,000 根小树苗茎/公顷)、成熟紫锥花松 70 m 以内的西南向。相比之下,在 11.3 平方米/公顷的基面积和 68% 的冠层关闭时,短叶蓝茎的反应可以忽略不计。火灾季节、断屑基底面积、坡度和坡位影响最小。结论:我们确定了促进所需草本和木质林下成分共存的特定条件,解决了主要的林地和稀树草原恢复挑战,并通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来扩展先前的阈值概念应用。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。在 11.3 平方米/公顷的基面积和 68% 的冠层关闭时,短叶蓝茎反应可以忽略不计。火灾季节、断屑基底面积、坡度和坡位影响最小。结论:我们确定了促进所需草本和木质林下成分共存的特定条件,解决了主要的林地和稀树草原恢复挑战,并通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来扩展先前的阈值概念应用。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。在 11.3 平方米/公顷的基面积和 68% 的冠层关闭时,短叶蓝茎反应可以忽略不计。火灾季节、断屑基底面积、坡度和坡位影响最小。结论:我们确定了促进所需草本和木质林下成分共存的特定条件,解决了主要的林地和稀树草原恢复挑战,并通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来扩展先前的阈值概念应用。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。和斜坡位置影响最小。结论:我们确定了促进所需草本和木质林下成分共存的特定条件,解决了主要的林地和稀树草原恢复挑战,并通过同时考虑多种所需的响应来扩展先前的阈值概念应用。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。和斜坡位置影响最小。结论:我们确定了促进所需草本和木质林下成分共存的特定条件,解决了主要的林地和稀树草原恢复挑战,并通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来扩展先前的阈值概念应用。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来解决主要的林地和热带稀树草原恢复挑战并扩展以前的阈值概念应用程序。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。通过同时考虑多个所需的响应来解决主要的林地和热带稀树草原恢复挑战并扩展以前的阈值概念应用程序。结果可以指导美国密西西比河以东濒临灭绝的短叶蓝茎群落的恢复,那里的工作很少或无效,类似的方法可以为全世界依赖火的林地和稀树草原恢复提供信息。
更新日期:2020-03-02
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