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Phylogeography, more than elevation, accounts for sex‐chromosome differentiation in Swiss populations of the common frog ( Rana temporaria )
Evolution ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-05 , DOI: 10.1111/evo.13860
Barret C. Phillips 1 , Nicolas Rodrigues 1 , Alexandra Jansen van Rensburg 2 , Nicolas Perrin 1
Affiliation  

Sex chromosomes in vertebrates range from highly heteromorphic (as in most birds and mammals) to strictly homomorphic (as in many fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles). Reasons for these contrasted evolutionary trajectories remain unclear, but species such as common frogs with polymorphism in the extent of sex chromosome differentiation may potentially deliver important clues. By investigating 92 common frog populations from a wide range of elevations throughout Switzerland, we show that sex chromosome differentiation strongly correlates with alleles at the candidate sex‐determining gene Dmrt1. Y‐specific Dmrt1 haplotypes cluster into two main haplogroups, YA and YB, with a phylogeographic signal that parallels mtDNA haplotypes: YA populations, with mostly well‐differentiated sex chromosomes, occur primarily south of the main alpine ridge that bisects Switzerland, whereas YB populations, with mostly undifferentiated (proto‐)sex chromosomes, occur north of this ridge. Elevation has only a marginal effect, opposing previous suggestions of a major role for climate on sex chromosome differentiation. The Y‐haplotype effect might result from differences in the penetrance of alleles at the sex‐determining locus (such that sex reversal and ensuing X‐Y recombination are more frequent in YB populations), and/or fixation of an inversion on YA (as supported by the empirical observation that YA haplotypes might not recombine in XYA females).

中文翻译:

系统地理学,不仅是海拔,还解释了普通青蛙(Rana temporaria)瑞士种群的性染色体分化

脊椎动物的性染色体范围从高度异型(如大多数鸟类和哺乳动物)到严格同态(如许多鱼类、两栖动物和非鸟类爬行动物)。这些对比进化轨迹的原因尚不清楚,但在性染色体分化程度方面具有多态性的常见青蛙等物种可能会提供重要线索。通过调查来自瑞士各地不同海拔的 92 种常见青蛙种群,我们发现性染色体分化与候选性别决定基因 Dmrt1 的等位基因密切相关。Y 特异性 Dmrt1 单倍型聚集成两个主要单倍群 YA 和 YB,具有与 mtDNA 单倍型平行的系统地理学信号:YA 群体,大部分具有分化良好的性染色体,主要出现在将瑞士一分为二的主要高山山脊以南,而 YB 种群,主要是未分化的(原)性染色体,出现在该山脊以北。海拔仅具有边际效应,这与先前关于气候对性染色体分化的主要作用的建议相反。Y 单倍型效应可能是由于等位基因在性别决定位点外显率的差异(例如,在 YB 群体中性别反转和随之而来的 X-Y 重组更频繁)和/或对 YA 倒位的固定(如YA 单倍型可能不会在 XYA 女性中重组的经验观察支持)。反对先前关于气候对性染色体分化的主要作用的建议。Y 单倍型效应可能是由于等位基因在性别决定位点外显率的差异(例如,在 YB 群体中性别反转和随之而来的 X-Y 重组更频繁)和/或对 YA 倒位的固定(如YA 单倍型可能不会在 XYA 女性中重组的经验观察支持)。反对先前关于气候对性染色体分化的主要作用的建议。Y 单倍型效应可能源于等位基因在性别决定位点的外显率差异(例如,在 YB 群体中性别反转和随之而来的 X-Y 重组更频繁),和/或对 YA 倒位的固定(如YA 单倍型可能不会在 XYA 女性中重组的经验观察支持)。
更新日期:2019-12-05
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