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Comparing urban food system characteristics and actions in US and Indian cities from a multi‐environmental impact perspective: Toward a streamlined approach
Journal of Industrial Ecology ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-30 , DOI: 10.1111/jiec.12985
Dana Boyer 1 , Anu Ramaswami 1
Affiliation  

Food action plans in many global cities articulate interest in multiple objectives including reducing in‐ and trans‐boundary environmental impacts (water, land, greenhouse gas (GHG)). However, there exist few standardized analytical tools to compare food system characteristics and actions across cities and countries to assess trade‐offs between multiple objectives (i.e., health, equity) with environmental outcomes. This paper demonstrates a streamlined model applied for analysis of four cities with varying characteristics across the United States and India, to quantify system‐wide water, energy/GHG, and land impacts associated with multiple food system actions to address health, equity, and environment. Baseline diet analysis finds key differences between countries in terms of meat consumption (Delhi 4; Pondicherry 16; United States 59, kg/capita/year), and environmental impact of processing of the average diet (21%, 19%, <1%, <1% of community‐wide GHG‐emissions for New York, Minneapolis, Delhi, and Pondicherry). Analysis of supply chains finds city average distance (food‐miles) varies (Delhi 420; Pondicherry 200; United States average 1,640 km/t‐food) and the sensitivity of GHG emissions of food demand to spatial variability of energy intensity of irrigation is greater in Indian than US cities. Analysis also finds greater pre‐consumer waste in India versus larger post‐consumer accumulations in the United States. Despite these differences in food system characteristics, food waste management and diet change consistently emerge as key strategies. Among diet scenarios, all vegetarian diets are not found equal in terms of environmental benefit, with the US Government's recommended vegetarian diet resulting in less benefit than other more focused targeted diet changes.

中文翻译:

从多环境影响的角度比较美国和印度城市的城市食品系统特征和行动:简化方法

许多全球城市的食品行动计划都表达了对多个目标的兴趣,包括减少跨界和跨界环境影响(水,土地,温室气体(GHG))。但是,几乎没有标准化的分析工具可以比较城市和国家之间的食品系统特征和行动,以评估多个目标(即健康,公平)与环境结果之间的权衡。本文展示了一种简化的模型,该模型可用于分析美国和印度四个具有不同特征的城市,以量化与多种粮食系统行动相关的全系统水,能源/ GHG和土地影响,以解决健康,公平和环境问题。基线饮食分析发现各国之间在肉食方面存在主要差异(Delhi 4; Pondicherry 16;美国59,公斤/人均/年)和平均饮食加工对环境的影响(纽约,明尼阿波利斯,德里和朋迪榭里的全社区温室气体排放量的21%,19%,<1%,<1%)。供应链分析发现城市平均距离(食物-英里)有所不同(Delhi 420; Pondicherry 200;美国平均1,640 km / t-食物),食物需求的温室气体排放对灌溉能源强度的空间变异性的敏感性更高在印度比在美国城市。分析还发现,与美国相比,印度的消费前废物量更大,而消费后的堆积量则更大。尽管食品系统特征存在这些差异,但食品废弃物管理和饮食变化始终是关键策略。在饮食方案中,发现所有素食在环境效益方面均不平等,美国政府
更新日期:2020-01-30
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