To decarbonize the European Union, protein consumption must transition to diets low in meat and dairy which will drastically change the material and energy flows in current meat and dairy supply chains. To understand the impacts on current flows, a baseline is required. Although recent studies have improved the scope of reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, no quantitative overview exists including intermediate and final product flows. To address this knowledge gap, we structured the meat and dairy supply chains into a connected set of transformation nodes and distribution nodes. The former are processes transforming inputs into outputs, whereas the latter distribute the outputs to other processes using them as inputs. Currently, livestock play a central role in agriculture and other industries through the consumption of 271 Mt fodder crops, 108 Mt grain, 85 Mt grazed biomass, 49 Mt oil meal, and 16 Mt feed by‐products. This feed is transformed into 64 Mt dairy and 35 Mt meat which ensures that the EU28 is a net exporter of meat and dairy while providing 25 Mt of by‐products. This production also leads to 435 Mt CO₂‐eq. with the main contribution from beef cattle (35%), dairy cattle (32%), and swine (20%). Thus, the lower GHG intensities of dairy products compared to meat do not imply a low contribution to the total emissions. By mapping the material, energy, and GHG emission flows, we have created a baseline suitable for identifying potential supply chain changes and their related GHG increase or decrease resulting from the protein transition.

中文翻译：

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肉类，奶制品及其他：2016年欧盟28国中肉类和奶制品供应链的材料，能源和温室气体流量分析

为了使欧盟脱碳，蛋白质的消费必须过渡到肉类和奶制品含量低的饮食中，这将大大改变当前肉类和奶制品供应链中的物质和能量流。为了了解对电流的影响，需要一个基线。尽管最近的研究已经改善了报告的温室气体（GHG）排放范围，但不存在包括中间产品和最终产品流量在内的定量概述。为了解决这一知识鸿沟，我们将肉类和奶制品供应链构建为一组相互连接的转化节点和分销节点。前者是将输入转换为输出的过程，而后者是将输出作为输入将其分配给其他过程的过程。当前，畜牧业通过消耗271吨饲料作物在农业和其他行业中发挥着重要作用，108吨谷物，85吨放牧的生物质，49吨油粕和16吨饲料副产品。这种饲料被转化为64吨乳制品和35吨肉，这确保EU28是肉和乳制品的净出口国，同时提供25吨副产品。该生产还导致435 Mt CO₂ eq。主要贡献来自肉牛（35％），奶牛（32％）和猪（20％）。因此，与肉类相比，乳制品的GHG强度较低并不意味着其对总排放量的贡献很小。通过绘制材料，能量和温室气体排放流的图，我们创建了一个基线，适用于识别潜在的供应链变化及其因蛋白质转变而导致的相关温室气体增加或减少。