Urban areas face mounting risks from many sources. Cities pursue myriad tactics to resist, recover from and adapt to shocks and stresses, but little is known about how these approaches relate across the scales of a city nor how cities compare in their abilities. Part of the challenge in addressing these gaps is that the risk to cities is typically studied with an emphasis on one or a few hazards or through the lens of a singular sector. This paper proposes a framework, dubbed the Urban Immune System (UIS) to coalesce and expand industrial ecology research on urban risk management. In the same way that Urban Metabolism (UM) is a unifying framework for urban environmental sustainability, UIS can be a unifying framework for urban resilience, especially related to climate change. Herein, UIS is defined, its many capabilities are dissected and linked to disparate studies; and opportunities for application of the concept are provided. The paper concludes by examining the relationship between UIS and climate change and by identifying those attributes of the UIS that are expected to be of increasing importance under climate change.

中文翻译：

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从城市新陈代谢到城市免疫系统

城市地区面临着越来越多的风险。城市奉行多种策略来抵制，从冲击和压力中恢复过来并适应冲击和压力，但是人们对这些方法在城市规模上的联系方式以及城市在能力方面的比较了解甚少。解决这些差距的部分挑战是，通常要着重研究一种或几种危害或通过单一部门的视角来研究城市风险。本文提出了一个被称为城市免疫系统（UIS）的框架，以合并和扩展关于城市风险管理的工业生态学研究。与城市新陈代谢（UM）是城市环境可持续性的统一框架一样，统计研究所也可以是城市弹性（尤其是与气候变化有关）的统一框架。这里定义了UIS，剖析了它的许多功能，并与不同的研究相关联；并提供了应用该概念的机会。本文的结论是通过研究UIS与气候变化之间的关系，并确定UIS在气候变化下日益重要的那些属性。