Abstract

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an invasive pest causing extreme levels of mortality in ash (Fraxinus spp., Oleaceae) in the USA and Canada. Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse, but the appearance of EAB in North America and its devastating ecological and economic impacts have afforded an opportunity to study its semiochemistry and biology in detail. We review the chemical ecology of EAB and the application of its sex pheromone, the female-produced (3Z)-dodecen-12-olide ((3Z)-lactone), and the green leaf volatile, (3Z)-hexenol, in operational surveys and experimental control strategies. Adding (3Z)-lactone to green sticky prism traps with (3Z)-hexenol on the south aspect of the tree canopy consistently increases trap captures and detection rates at low insect densities. This bait combination is more attractive than (3Z)-hexenol alone, especially when traps are in a competitive deployment. Using a ‘push–pull’ strategy, some nonhost volatiles deployed in ash trees significantly lower trap capture and may be useful in the push component, with a girdled tree treated with systemic insecticide constituting the pull component. We review reliable branch sampling techniques to estimate incidence and density of EAB which positively correlate with trap capture. We recommend using these combined tools to detect, delimit, and monitor EAB.

中文翻译：

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加拿大的翡翠灰boreAgrilus planipennis（鞘翅目：Buprestidae），发现和监测

摘要

翡翠灰bore（Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire）是一种侵入性害虫，在美国和加拿大引起极高的灰烬死亡率（Fraxinus spp。，油木科）。关于布氏化学生态学的知识很少，但是EAB在北美的出现以及其毁灭性的生态和经济影响为详细研究其符号化学和生物学提供了机会。我们回顾了EAB的化学生态学及其性信息素的应用，雌性产生的（3 Z）-十二烯-12-内酯（（3 Z）-内酯）和绿叶挥发物（3Z）-己烯醇，在操作调查和实验控制策略中。将（3 Z）内酯添加到具有（3 Z树木冠层南侧的己烯醇在低昆虫密度下持续增加捕集阱的捕获率和检出率。这种诱饵组合比单独的（3 Z）-己烯醇更具吸引力，尤其是在诱捕装置处于竞争性部署中时。使用“推拉”策略，部署在灰树中的一些非宿主挥发物会显着降低捕集阱的捕获率，并且可能在推力组件中有用，而经过环剥的树木经过系统性杀虫剂处理后构成了推力组件。我们审查可靠的分支采样技术，以估计与陷阱捕获正相关的EAB的发生率和密度。我们建议使用这些组合工具来检测，定界和监视EAB。