In this paper, the reciprocating wear behavior of titanium–titanium boride composites with 20 and 40 (by vol. %) titanium boride (TiB) particles IS investigated in dry sliding conditions against Al₂O₃ ceramic balls. The trials have been observed at three loading conditions such as 5, 10 and 15 N load. The composites were processed by three powder metallurgical techniques such as spark plasma sintering (SPS), vacuum sintering (VS) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to analyze the homogeneity of Ti and boride phases in the composites. The hardness and indentation fracture resistance were evaluated using nano-indentation technique. The load–depth curves of indents for Ti–TiB shows the deviations of the modulus of elasticity within the spark plasma sintering (SPS), vacuum sintering (VS) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP).The wear resistance of the fabricated samples was analyzed using reciprocating wear tester. The SPS composite (Ti–38.5% TiB) showed lower coefficient of friction (0.07), lower wear volume (0.4368 mm³) and wear rate (0.000276 mm³/m) when compared to HIP and VS, which is attributed to the presence of fine titanium boride needles of high hardness, contributing to improving wear resistance. The surface morphology reveals that the composites processed through spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are subjected to minor plastic deformation. The outcome of this work is more beneficial to automotive brake pad, precision manufacturing and locomotives to avoid critical wear failures.

中文翻译：

---

金属基（Ti / TiB）复合材料往复磨损行为的实验研究

在本文中，在干燥滑动条件下，研究了具有20和40（按体积百分比）的硼化钛（TiB）颗粒的钛钛化硼复合材料的往复磨损行为，其对Al ₂ O _3的磨损性能陶瓷球。已经在三种负载条件下（例如5、10和15 N负载）观察到了试验。通过三种粉末冶金技术对复合材料进行处理，例如火花等离子体烧结（SPS），真空烧结（VS）和热等静压（HIP）。电子探针显微分析（EPMA）用于分析复合物中Ti和硼化物相的均匀性。使用纳米压痕技术评价硬度和耐压痕断裂性。Ti-TiB压痕的载荷-深度曲线显示了火花等离子体烧结（SPS），真空烧结（VS）和热等静压（HIP）内的弹性模量的偏差。分析了所制备样品的耐磨性使用往复式磨损测试仪。SPS复合材料（Ti–38.5％TiB）显示出较低的摩擦系数（0.07），³）和HIP和VS相比的磨损率（0.000276 mm ³ / m），这归因于存在高硬度的硼化钛细针，有助于提高耐磨性。表面形态表明，通过火花等离子体烧结（SPS）和热等静压（HIP）处理的复合材料会发生较小的塑性变形。这项工作的结果对于汽车刹车片，精密制造和机车避免严重的磨损故障更有利。