This research investigates the interactive effects of the household structure and race/ethnicity on gender differences in commuting travel in the United States. Existing research has established that both the household structure and race/ethnicity affect the gender differences, but little has examined if and how the effects of the household structure differ across racial/ethnic groups. Using the 2017 U.S. National Household Travel Survey, I estimate gender differences in commuting distance and in the probability of automobile commute in five household types and in four racial/ethnic groups. Results suggest differing effects of household types across racial/ethnic groups: the effects are particularly large in Hispanic people and small in Black people; the effects are moderate in white and Asian people. The research provides an analytical framework that jointly considers the two important factors that explain gendered commuting travel, and it reveals nuanced findings that can inform people-based and context-sensitive transport policies.

中文翻译：

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美国通勤旅行中的性别差异：种族/民族和家庭结构的交互作用

本研究调查了家庭结构和种族/民族对美国通勤旅行中性别差异的交互影响。现有研究已经确定，家庭结构和种族/族裔都会影响性别差异，但很少研究家庭结构对不同种族/族裔群体的影响是否以及如何不同。使用 2017 年美国全国家庭旅行调查，我估计了五种家庭类型和四个种族/族裔群体在通勤距离和汽车通勤概率方面的性别差异。结果表明家庭类型对种族/族裔群体的影响不同：西班牙裔人群的影响特别大，黑人的影响很小；对白人和亚洲人的影响中等。