Vehicle-induced pollutants in closed underground parking garages represent a major environmental issue influencing human health. In this study, the exposure to particulate matter (PM 10 , PM 4 , and PM 2.5 ) and health risk assessments were analyzed using the lifetime average daily doses (LADDs) and cancer risks for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ventilation types and traffic volumes were used as parameters to characterize variations of the PM and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). In the investigated underground parking garage, the mass concentrations of PM 10 , PM 4 , and PM 2.5 were 107.2–213.6, 78.4–138.3, and 56.2–102.4 μg m −3 , respectively, and TVOC concentrations ranged from 523.0 to 1064.0 μg m −3 during the summer and winter seasons. Hourly PM 2.5 concentrations during the daytime were higher than those measured at night, while no significant difference was observed between day and night for TVOC concentrations. The linear regressions for TVOC and traffic volume show that TVOC concentrations increased with increasing traffic. Among the I/O ratios for PM investigated during summer and winter, the only statistically significant difference was observed between natural and mechanical ventilation in parking garages. For all generated PMs, 72.2–80.1% of the aerosol deposition occurred in the head airways, while 4.8–5.1% of the total was deposited in the alveola and 2.5% in the tracheobronchial regions. The data presented herein suggest that, depending on ventilation types, the highest respirable particles generate in underground parking garage and deposit in all respiratory regions. The estimated cancer risks for car park users and occupational staff were determined, and possible and probable risks were measured.

中文翻译：

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不同通风方式下地下停车场可吸入颗粒物和 TVOC 的暴露及其相关的健康影响

封闭式地下停车场中车辆引起的污染物是影响人类健康的主要环境问题。在这项研究中，使用终生平均每日剂量 (LADD) 和选定挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的癌症风险分析了颗粒物（PM 10 、PM 4 和 PM 2.5 ）的暴露和健康风险评估。通风类型和交通量被用作参数来表征 PM 和总挥发性有机化合物 (TVOC) 的变化。调查的地下停车场PM 10 、PM 4 、PM 2.5 质量浓度分别为107.2～213.6、78.4～138.3、56.2～102.4 μg m -3 ，TVOC浓度为523.0～1064.0 μg μg。 −3 在夏季和冬季。每小时下午 2。5 白天的浓度高于夜间的浓度，而 TVOC 的浓度在白天和晚上之间没有显着差异。TVOC 和交通量的线性回归表明，TVOC 浓度随着交通量的增加而增加。在夏季和冬季调查的 PM 的 I/O 比率中，唯一的统计显着差异是在停车场的自然通风和机械通风之间观察到的。对于所有产生的 PM，72.2-80.1% 的气溶胶沉积发生在头部气道，而总量的 4.8-5.1% 沉积在肺泡中，2.5% 沉积在气管支气管区域。此处提供的数据表明，根据通风类型，地下停车场产生的可吸入颗粒最高，并沉积在所有呼吸区域。