Existing studies show that drinking high-iodine or low-iodine groundwater on a long-term basis may cause goiter and other health problems. However, currently there is a lack of systematic research on the distribution, formation and health effects of iodine in groundwater at the basin scale. Taking the Wei River Basin in the Loess Plateau as a typical study area, this paper used hydrogeological surveys, sample collection, multivariate statistical analysis, health effect evaluations, and other methods, and found that iodine content in groundwater in 60.3% of the region poses potential risks to human health. Groundwater recharge areas were iodine-deficient, mainly located on the upstream Loess Plateau of the Wei River Basin in the vicinity of the Liupan Mountain watershed, and at the piedmont of the Qinling Mountains. Groundwater was low mineralization, neutral, and low-F bicarbonate, and was controlled by the weathering and dissolution of silicate minerals and evaporites, the dissolution and precipitation of carbonates, and active water circulation conditions. Iodine-deficient endemic goiter had a potential incidence of 5–38% in these areas. Groundwater runoff areas had suitable groundwater iodine content, and the groundwater hydrochemical type was dominated by HCO₃–Ca, HCO₃–Na, and HCO₃·SO₄–Na type water. The mineralization degree was modest and the I⁻ content distribution of suitable iodine content areas was controlled by relatively active water circulation conditions. Groundwater discharge areas were high-iodine groundwater areas, where the groundwater hydrochemical type was dominated by meta-alkaline and alkaline HCO₃·SO₄, SO₄·Cl, and Cl·SO₄ type water, and controlled by the evaporation–concentration of shallow groundwater, the biodegradation of enriched organic matter, and the competitive adsorption of HCO₃⁻ and I⁻. Here iodine-excess endemic goiter had a potential incidence of 5–100%. Considering the results from the study area, this paper recommends that the groundwater iodine safety range for endemic goiter be set to 10.0–300.0 μg/L.

中文翻译：

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渭河流域地下水中碘的水文地球化学特征及对健康的影响

现有研究表明，长期饮用高碘或低碘地下水可能会导致甲状腺肿和其他健康问题。但是，目前缺乏对流域规模的地下水中碘的分布，形成和健康影响的系统研究。以黄土高原渭河流域为典型研究区域，通过水文地质调查，样品采集，多元统计分析，健康影响评价等方法，发现该地区60.3％的地下水中碘含量构成对人类健康的潜在风险。地下水补给区缺碘，主要分布在六盘山流域附近的渭河上游黄土高原和秦岭的山前。地下水是低矿化，中性和低氟的碳酸氢盐，受硅酸盐矿物和蒸发物的风化和溶解，碳酸盐的溶解和沉淀以及活跃的水循环条件控制。在这些地区，碘缺乏的地方性甲状腺肿的潜在发病率为5-38％。地下水径流区地下水碘含量合适，HCO占主导地位。_3- Ca，HCO ₃ -Na和HCO ₃ ·SO ₄ -Na型水。矿化度为适度的和I ^-合适的碘含量区域的内容分发用相对活性水循环条件来控制。地下水排放区为高碘地下水区，其地下水水化学类型以偏碱性和碱性HCO ₃ ·SO ₄，SO ₄ ·Cl和Cl·SO ₄型水为主，并受蒸发浓度的控制。浅层地下水，富集有机物的生物降解，和HCO的竞争吸附₃ ^-和我^-。碘过量的地方性甲状腺肿的潜在发病率为5–100％。考虑到研究区域的结果，建议将地方性甲状腺肿的地下水碘安全范围设置为10.0–300.0μg/ L。