Background

As electric kick scooters, three-wheelers, and passenger cars enter the streets, efficiency trade-offs across vehicle types gain practical relevance for consumers and policy makers. Here, we compile a comprehensive dataset of 428 electric vehicles, including seven vehicle types and information on certified and real-world energy consumption. Regression analysis is applied to quantify trade-offs between energy consumption and other vehicle attributes.

Results

Certified and real-world energy consumption of electric vehicles increase by 60% and 40%, respectively, with each doubling of vehicle mass, but only by 5% with each doubling of rated motor power. These findings hold roughly also for passenger cars whose energy consumption tends to increase 0.6 ± 0.1 kWh/100 km with each 100 kg of vehicle mass. Battery capacity and vehicle mass are closely related. A 10 kWh increase in battery capacity increases the mass of electric cars by 15 kg, their drive range by 40–50 km, and their energy consumption by 0.7–1.0 kWh/100 km. Mass-produced state-of-the-art electric passenger cars are 2.1 ± 0.8 kWh/100 km more efficient than first-generation vehicles, produced at small scale.

Conclusion

Efficiency trade-offs in electric vehicles differ from those in conventional cars—the latter showing a strong dependency of fuel consumption on rated engine power. Mass-related efficiency trade-offs in electric vehicles are large and could be tapped by stimulating mode shift from passenger cars to light electric road vehicles. Electric passenger cars still offer potentials for further efficiency improvements. These could be exploited through a dedicated energy label with battery capacity as utility parameter.

中文翻译：

---

小型到大型电动汽车的能源效率权衡

背景

随着电动踏板车，三轮车和乘用车进入大街小巷，各种车型的效率之间的权衡取舍对于消费者和政策制定者来说具有实际意义。在这里，我们汇总了428辆电动汽车的综合数据集，其中包括7种汽车类型以及有关经认证的和实际能耗的信息。回归分析用于量化能耗和其他车辆属性之间的权衡。

结果

随着汽车质量的每增加一倍，经过认证的电动汽车和现实世界中的能源消耗分别增加60％和40％，但随着额定电动机功率的每增加一倍，则仅增加5％。这些发现也大致适用于乘用车，每100千克车重，其能耗往往会增加0.6±0.1 kWh / 100 km。电池容量和车辆质量密切相关。电池容量增加10 kWh，电动汽车的质量将增加15 kg，行驶距离将增加40–50 km，能耗将增加0.7–1.0 kWh / 100 km。大规模生产的最先进的电动乘用车比小规模生产的第一代汽车的效率高2.1±0.8 kWh / 100 km。

结论

电动汽车的效率折衷与传统汽车不同-后者显示出燃料消耗对额定发动机功率的强烈依赖性。电动汽车中与质量相关的效率折衷很大，可以通过刺激从乘用车到轻型电动公路车的模式转换来利用。电动乘用车仍具有进一步提高效率的潜力。这些可以通过专用的能源标签以电池容量作为效用参数加以利用。